Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dictionary Indexing of Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction Patterns: a Hands-On Tutorial

  • Thematic Section: 3D Materials Science
  • Published:
Integrating Materials and Manufacturing Innovation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Dictionary indexing of electron back-scatter patterns was recently proposed as an alternative to the commercially available indexing packages. In this tutorial paper, we describe in detail the various steps that need to be taken to successfully complete an indexing run on an arbitrary data set. We provide three toy data sets for the reader to experiment with: poly-crystalline nickel with several different acquisition conditions, orthorhombic forsterite, and a single slice from a large serial sectioning experiment on a Ni-based superalloy. The data files and all files produced by the indexing routine are made available as Supplementary Material (https://doi.org/10.1184/R1/7792505).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Burch MJ, Fancher CM, Patala S, De Graef M, Dickey EC (2017) Mapping 180° polar domains using electron backscatter diffraction and dynamical scattering simulations. Ultramicroscopy 173:47–51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Callahan P, De Graef M (2013) Dynamical EBSD patterns Part I: pattern simulations. Microsc Microanal 19:1255–1265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. De Graef M, Lenthe WC, Schäfer N, Rissom T, Abou-Ras D (2018) Unambiguous determination of local orientations of polycrystalline CuInSe2 thin films via dictionary-based indexing. physica status solidi (RRL)–Rapid Research Letters p 1900032

  4. Deal A, Eades A (2005) Energy-dependence of an EBSD pattern. Microsc Microanal 11(S02):524–525

    Google Scholar 

  5. Deal A, Hooghan T, Eades A (2008) Energy-filtered electron backscatter diffraction. Ultramicroscopy 108(2):116–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Eades A, Deal A (2008) Why is it difficult to simulate EBSD patterns accurately? Microsc Today 16 (3):50–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ghose S, Schomaker V, McMullan R (1986) Enstatite, Mg2Si2O6: a neutron diffraction refinement of the crystal structure and a rigid-body analysis of the thermal vibration. Z Kristall 176:159–176

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Hahn T (ed) (1996) The international tables for crystallography vol A: space-group symmetry. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht

  9. Joy D (1995) Monte Carlo modeling for electron microscopy and microanalysis. Oxford University Press, USA

    Google Scholar 

  10. Marquardt K, De Graef M, Singh S, Marquardt H, Rosenthal A, Hiraga T (2017) Quantitative electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data analyses using the dictionary indexing (DI) approach: overcoming indexing difficulties in gological materials. Am Mineral 102:1843–1855

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Matejka J, Fitzmaurice G (2017) Same stats, different graphs: generating datasets with varied appearance and identical statistics through simulated annealing. In: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. ACM, pp 1290–1294

  12. Nolze G (2007) Image distortions in SEM and their influences on EBSD measurements. Ultramicroscopy 107:172–183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Pascal E, Singh S, Callahan P, De Graef M (2018) Energy-weighted dynamical scattering simulations of back-scattered electron diffraction modalities. Ultramicroscopy 187:98–106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Peng LM, Ren G, Dudarev S, Whelan M (1996) Debye-Waller factors and absorptive scattering factors of elemental crystals. Acta Crystallogr A: Found Crystallogr 52:456–470

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ram F, De Graef M (2018) Energy dependence of the spatial distribution of inelastically scattered electrons in backscatter electron diffraction. Phys Rev B 97(13):134104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ram F, Wright S, Singh S, De Graef M (2017) Error analysis of the crystal orientations obtained by the dictionary approach to EBSD indexing. Ultramicroscopy 181:17–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Roşca D (2010) New uniform grids on the sphere. Astron Astrophys 520:A63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Schwarzer RA, Hjelen J (2010) Orientation microscopy with fast EBSD. Mater Sci Technol 26(6):646–649

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Singh S, De Graef M (2016) Orientation sampling for dictionary-based diffraction pattern indexing methods. Modell Simul Mater Sci Eng 24(8):085013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Singh S, De Graef M (2017) Dictionary indexing of electron channeling patterns. Microsc MicroAnal 23:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Singh S, Guo Y, Winiarski B, Burnett T, Withers P, De Graef M (2018) High resolution low kv EBSD of heavily deformed and nanocrystalline Aluminium by dictionary-based indexing. Nat Sci Rep 8:10991

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Smyth J, Hazen R (1973) The crystal structures of Forsterite and Hortonolite at several temperatures up to 900 °C. Amer Mineral 58:588–593

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Uchic M, Groeber M, Shahi M, Callahan P, Shiveley A, Scott M, Chapman M, Spowart J (2012) An automated multi-modal serial sectioning system for characterization of grain-scale microstructures in engineering materials. In: De Graef M, Poulsen H, Lewis A, Simmons J, Spanos G (eds) Proc. 1st int. conf. on 3D materials science. Springer, Cham, pp 195–202

  24. Vespucci S, Winkelmann A, Naresh-Kumar G, Mingard KP, Maneuski D, Edwards PR, Day AP, O’Shea V, Trager-Cowan C (2015) Digital direct electron imaging of energy-filtered electron backscatter diffraction patterns. Phys Rev B 92(20):205301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Villars P (1997) Pearson’s handbook (desk edition) crystallographic data for intermetallic phases. American Society for Metals

  26. Wang A, De Graef M (2016) Modeling dynamical electron scattering with Bethe potentials and the scattering matrix. Ultramicroscopy 160:35–43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Wilkinson AJ, Moldovan G, Britton TB, Bewick A, Clough R, Kirkland AI (2013) Direct detection of electron backscatter diffraction patterns. Phys Rev Lett 111(6):065506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Winkelmann A, Britton TB, Nolze G (2019) Constraints on the effective electron energy spectrum in backscatter kikuchi diffraction. Phys Rev B 99:064115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Wright SI, Nowell MM, Lindeman SP, Camus PP, De Graef M, Jackson MA (2015) Introduction and comparison of new EBSD post-processing methodologies. Ultramicroscopy 159:81–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Stuart Wright, Katharina Marquardt, and Michael Uchic for making experimental data sets available and allowing us to make them publicly accessible. We would like to thank Melanie Gainey and the KiltHub team at Carnegie Mellon University for their support in permanently hosting the data files.

Funding

The authors received funding from a DoD Vannevar-Bush Faculty Fellowship (no. N00014-16-1-2821) as well as the computational facilities of the Materials Characterization Facility at CMU under grant no. MCF-677785.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. BlueQuartz Software, LLC., 400 Pioneer Blvd., Springboro, OH, 45066, USA

    M. A. Jackson

  2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213-3890, USA

    E. Pascal & M. De Graef

Authors
  1. M. A. Jackson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. Pascal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. De Graef
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. De Graef.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jackson, M.A., Pascal, E. & De Graef, M. Dictionary Indexing of Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction Patterns: a Hands-On Tutorial. Integr Mater Manuf Innov 8, 226–246 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-019-00137-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-019-00137-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation