Abstract
Residence time is an important parameter for evaluating the physical and biochemical characteristics of estuaries and bays. The residence times of two neighboring South Korean bays with contrasting topographies, Gwangyang Bay and Jinju Bay, were calculated for winter and summer using a three-dimensional model. Gwangyang Bay, with considerable industrial development nearby, has a relatively large volume and depth, whereas Jinju Bay is shallow and is primarily used for aquaculture. River discharge in the two bays is high in summer and low in winter, in part due to the influence of the East Asian Monsoon. Temperature and salinity in both bays are vertically homogeneous during winter but stratified in summer. The mean residence time in Gwangyang Bay is more than 20 days in winter due to its large volume, but less than 5 days in summer due to increased gravitational circulation driven by large volumes of river discharge and a horizontal density gradient. However, the mean residence time of Jinju Bay is less than 5 days in both seasons due to its small volume and shallow depth. These results reveal that Gwangyang Bay is vulnerable to industrial pollution during winter, but that it may remove pollutants efficiently in summer. The shallower Jinju Bay is likely to remain free from anthropogenic eutrophication caused by nutrient inputs from aquaculture due to its short residence time throughout the year.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chen, C., R.C. Beardsley, and G. Cowles. 2006. An Unstructured Grid, Finite-volume Coastal Ocean Model: FVCOM User Manual. New Bedford: University of Massachusetts Dartmouth.
Choo, H.S., B.G. Lee, and G.H. Lee. 2002. Numerical simulation of residual currents by diagnostic multilevel model in Kwangyang Bay. Journal of the Environmental Sciences, 11(1): 41–56. https://doi.org/10.5322/jes.2002.11.1.041.
Cucco, A., and G. Umgiesser. 2006. Modeling the Venice lagoon water residence time. Ecological Modeling 193: 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.07.043.
Du, J., and J. Shen. 2016. Water residence time in Chesapeake Bay for 1980–2012. Journal of Marine Systems 163: 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.08.011.
Fischer, H.B., E.J. List, R.C.Y. Koh, J. Imberger, and N.H. Brooks. 1979. Mixing in Inland and Coastal Waters. New York: Academic Press.
Guo, X., and A. Valle-Levinson. 2007. Tidal effects on estuarine circulation and outflow plume in the Chesapeake Bay. Continental Shelf Research 27: 20–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2006.08.009.
Kim, B.G., and Y.K. Cho. 2017. Tide induced residual circulation in a bay with asymmetric lateral depth variation. Journal of Geophysical Research 122: 4040–4050. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jC012473.
Knauss, J.A. 1978. Introduction to Physical Oceanography. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Kwak, M.T., G.H. Seo, Y.K. Cho, C.W. Cho, H.S. Choo, Y.H. Yoon, J.K. Kim, and K.T. Jung. 2014. Baroclinic two-layer flow induced by extreme discharge from a dam in a narrow channel. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 151: 331–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.07.015.
Liu, Z., H. Wei, G. Liu, and J. Zhang. 2004. Simulation of water exchange in Jiaozhou Bay by average residence time approach. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 61: 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2004.04.009.
Lucas, L.V. 2010. Implications of estuarine transport for water quality. In Contemporary Issues in Estuarine Physics, ed. A. Valle-Levinson, 273–307. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Matsumoto, K., T. Takanezawa, and M. Ooe. 2000. Ocean tide models developed by assimilating TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data into hydrodynamical model: A global model and a regional model around Japan. Journal of Oceanography 56: 567–581. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011157212596.
Mellor, G.L., and T. Yamada. 1982. Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problem. Reviews of Geophysics 20: 851–875. https://doi.org/10.1029/RG020i004p00851.
Monsen, N., J. Cloern, L. Lucas, and S. Monismith. 2002. A comment on the use of flushing time, residence time, and age as transport time scales. Limnology and Oceanography 47 (5): 1545–1553. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.5.1545.
Ralston, D.A., W.R. Geyer, and J.A. Lerczak. 2008. Subtidal salinity and velocity in the Hudson River estuary: Observations and modeling. Journal of Physical Oceanography 38: 753–770. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JPO3808.1.
Rayson, M.D., E.S. Gross, R.D. Hetland, and O.B. Fringer. 2016. Time scales in Galveston Bay: An unsteady estuary. Journal of Geophysical Research, Oceans 121: 2268–2285. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011181.
Ro, Y.J., W.S. Jun, K.Y. Jung, and H.M. Eom. 2007. Numerical modeling of tide and tidal current in the Kangjin bay, South Sea, Korea. Ocean Science Journal 42 (3): 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03020919.
Robinson, I.S. 1983. Tidally induced residual flows. In Physical Oceanography of Coastal and Shelf Seas, ed. B. Johns, 321–356. Elsevier: Amsterdam.
Shaha, D.C., Y.K. Cho, T.W. Kim, and A. Valle-Levinson. 2012. Spatio-temporal variation of flushing time in the Sumjin river estuary. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 23 (1): 119–130. https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2011.08.22.01(Hy.
Smagorinsky, J. 1963. General circulation experiments with the primitive equations. I. The basic experiment. Monthly Weather Review 91 (3): 99–164. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1963)091<0099:GCEWTP>2.3.CO;2.
Takeoka, H. 1984. Fundamental concepts of exchange and transport time scales in a coastal sea. Continental Shelf Research 3 (3): 311–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(84)90014-1.
Valle-Levinson, A., C. Li, T.C. Royer, and L.P. Atkinson. 1998. Flow patterns at the Chesapeake Bay entrance. Continental Shelf Research 18: 1157–1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(98)00036-3.
Funding
This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (2017R1E1A1A03070224), and a part of the project titled “Deep Water Circulation and Material Cycling in the East Sea” (20160040) funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by Arnoldo Valle-Levinson
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kwak, MT., Cho, YK. Seasonal Variation in Residence Times of Two Neighboring Bays with Contrasting Topography. Estuaries and Coasts 43, 512–524 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00644-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00644-9