Abstract
East Asia is home to at least 9 indigenous species of honey bee. These bees are extremely valuable because they are key pollinators of about 1/3 of crop species, provide significant income to some of the world’s poorest people, and are prey items for some endemic vertebrates. Furthermore, Southeast Asian Dipterocarp forests appear to be adapted to pollination by honey bees. Thus long-term decline in honey bee populations may lead to significant changes in the pollinator ecology of these forests, exacerbating the more direct effects of deforestation and wood harvesting on forest health. Although complete extinction of any honey bee species is seen as unlikely, local extinction is likely to occur across extensive areas. The most significant threats to local honey bee populations are deforestation and excessive hunting pressure. Conservation of East Asian honey bees requires immediate action to determine what rate of colony harvesting by honey hunters is sustainable. This requires information on the demography of hunted populations, particularly the intrinsic growth rates and the rates of harvest.
Zusammenfassung
Asien ist eine Region mit hoher Bevölkerungswachstumsrate und zunehmendem Einkommen, in Verbindung mit hohen Entwaldungsraten. Besondere Beachtung für den Schutz der Honigbienen muss dabei auf grossangelegte Umwandlungen von Primärwald in kurzzyklische Waldwirtschaft, in Landwirtschaft und in städtische Gebiete gelegt werden. Nichstdestotrotz sind Honigbienen in ihren ursprünglichen Verbreitungsgebieten nach wie vor mehr oder weniger häufig anzutreffen. Allerdings gibt es inzwischen Anzeichen für lokale Rückgänge, insbesondere von A. koschevnikovi auf der malayischen Halbinsel und von A. andreniformis in den landwirtschaftlich genutzten Gebieten Thailands. Auch die Riesenhonigbienen A. dorsata und A. laboriosa scheinen in Grossteilen der Region unter Druck zu geraten. Diese lokalen Auslöschungen und der generelle Rückgang in der Dichte an Honigbienennestern wird vermutlich Konsequenzen haben, sowohl für die Natur als auch für die Menschen in der Region.
An erster Stelle zu nennen wäre, dass ein Drittel unserer Nahrung pflanzlichen Ursprungs ist und dass diese Pflanzen von der Bestäubung insbesondere durch Honigbienen entweder abhängig sind oder davon profitieren. Auch in natürlichen Ökosystemen besteht ein starker Bedarf nach Bestäubern. Aufgrund ihrer Tanzsprache und ihres weiten Sammelradius können Honigbienenvölker kurzfristig verfügbare Trachtquellen schnell erkennen und ausbeuten. Solch schwankende und unvorhersehbare Blühereignisse sind in den Pflanzengemeinschaften der tropischen asiatischen Wälder die Regel. Wir gehen davon aus, dass diese Fortpflanzungsstrategien in der Gegenwart von zwei oder mehr Arten wandernder Honigbienen evoluieren konnten, da diese in der Lage sind ihre lokalen Populationsgrössen schnell zu steigern und somit genügend Bestäuber verfügbar sind. Der Verlust an Honigbienen kann deshalb die bestäubungsabhängige Ökologie der südostasiatischen Wälder stark beeinflussen.
An zweiter Stelle steht die Tatsache, dass die asiatischen Honigbienen vielen Insekten, Säugern und Vögeln als Beute dienen. Verschiedene Vogelarten sind sogar auf Honigbienen spezialisiert, wie zum Beispiel der Gelbbürzelhoniganzeiger (Indicator xanthonotus), der Malaienhoniganzeiger (I. archipelagicus), sowie der Schopfwespenbussard (Pernis ptilorhyncus) und der Celebeswespenbussard (P. celebensis). Diese Arten wären entweder bedroht oder würden ganz aussterben, wenn die asiatischen Honigbienen aussterben würden. An dritter Stelle steht, dass Honigbienen bei vielen asiatischen Völkern hohes Ansehen geniessen und dass sie um ihr Wohlbehalten bemüht sind. Honigbienen spielen auch in der Religion in den asiatischen Hauptregionen eine wichtige Rolle.
Die hauptsächlichen Ursachen für die Bedrohung der Populationen der Honigbienen stellen die Rodungen, die exzessive Honigjagd, die Ausbreitung von Parasiten und Pathogenen, der imkerliche Transport von Völkern zwischen den Inseln, mögliche Klimaveränderungen und der Verlust an Nistgelegenheiten dar. Letzteres betrifft vor allem die von A. dorsata bevorzugten grossen Bäume.
Anstrengungen zum Schutz der Honigbienen sollten die Honigjagd im Auge haben, für die nachhaltige Nutzungskriterien erarbeitet werden sollten. Hierzu müssen dringend Daten erhoben werden zur Abschätzung des Umfangs der ausgebeuteten Völker und deren Überlebensraten. Gleichzeitig müssen Honigerntemethoden entwickelt und propagiert werden, die die Völker nicht vernichten. Wir empfehlen auch ein Moratorium gegen die destruktive Honigernte bei Riesenhonigbienen, dort wo dies rechtlich möglich und durchsetzbar ist, bis wir Daten zur nachhaltig möglichen Honigernte in den betreffenden Gebieten haben.
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Oldroyd, B.P., Nanork, P. Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie 40, 296–312 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009021