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A novel management scheme to reduce emission produced by power plants and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in a smart microgrid

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Abstract

Recently, with the growth and development of distributed generation (DGs) and energy storage systems (ESSs), as well as smart control equipment, microgrids (MGs) have been developed. Microgrids are comprised of a limited number of constitutive parts, including loads, DGs, ESSs, and electric vehicles (EVs). This paper presents a novel scheme to manage active and reactive powers, based on DGs, ESSs, and EVs to reduce the total operation cost including power generation and emission costs. Simultaneous management of active and reactive power makes it possible to consider grid operation constraints together. In the proposed schedule, the vehicles are assumed to be plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. They are able to run both on gasoline and electricity. The proposed schedule incorporates the cost of the consumed fuel and generated pollution into the function of the MG. It is programmed using GAMS software as a mixed-integer second-order cone programming problem and is implemented on a test MG. Simultaneous management of active and reactive power sources can result in lower cost compared to separated scheduling.

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Abbreviations

\(TC\) :

Total cost ($)

\(C_{loss}\) :

Loss cost ($)

\(C_{APDG}\) :

Cost of purchased active power from DGs ($)

\(C_{EMDG}\) :

Cost of emission produced by DGs ($)

\(C_{RPDG}\) :

Cost of purchased reactive power from DGs ($)

\(C_{SUDG}\) :

Startup cost of DGs ($)

\(C_{SDDG}\) :

Shutdown cost of DGs ($)

\(C_{APG}\) :

Cost of purchased active power from main grid ($)

\(C_{RPG}\) :

Cost of purchased reactive power from main grid ($)

\(C_{EMG}\) :

Cost of emission produced by the main grid ($)

\(C_{DR}\) :

Cost of DR program ($)

\(C_{BC}\) :

Cost of reactive power produced by capacitor banks ($)

\(C_{CBS}\) :

Cost of capacitor bank switching ($)

\(C_{GPHEV}\) :

Cost of fuel consumed by PHEVs ($)

\(C_{EMPHEV}\) :

Cost of emission produced by PHEVs ($)

\(C_{DoD}\) :

Cost of battery degradation of PHEVs battery ($)

\(C_{ST}\) :

Cost of power exchange by ESSs ($)

\(R\left( {n,m} \right)\) :

Resistance of line between bus n and m (Ω)

\(\left| {I\left( {n,m} \right)} \right|^{2}\) :

Squared current magnitude of line between bus n and m (A2)

\(PDG\left( {i,t} \right)\) :

Active power of ith DG at time t (kW)

\(CPDG\left( {i,t} \right)\) :

Cost of active power of ith DG at time t ($/kW)

\(DGCO2\left( {i,t} \right)\) :

CO2 emitted by ith DG at time t (kg)

\(CCO2\) :

Penalty cost of CO2 ($/kg)

\(DGNOx\left( {i,t} \right)\) :

NOx emitted by ith DG at time t (kg)

\(CNOx\) :

Penalty cost of NOx ($/kg)

\(QPDG\left( {i,t} \right)\) :

Reactive power of ith DG at time t (kVar)

\(CQDG\left( {i,t} \right)\) :

Cost of reactive power of ith DG at time t ($/kVAr)

\(S\left( {i,t} \right)\) :

Binary variable, if ith DG at time t start 1 otherwise 0

\(SUC\left( i \right)\) :

Startup cost of ith DG ($)

\(Z\left( {i,t} \right)\) :

Binary variable, if ith DG at time t is turn off 1 otherwise 0

\(SHDC\left( i \right)\) :

Shutdown cost of ith DG ($)

\(PG\left( t \right)\) :

Active power purchased from main grid at time t (kW)

\(CPG\left( t \right)\) :

Cost of active power purchased from main grid at time t ($/kW)

\(QPG\left( t \right)\) :

Reactive power purchased from main grid at time t (kVAr)

\(CQG\left( t \right)\) :

Cost of reactive power purchased from main grid at time t ($/kVAr)

\(GCO2\left( t \right)\) :

CO2 emitted by main grid at time t (kg)

\(GNOx\left( t \right)\) :

NOx emitted by main grid at time t (kg)

\(PDR\left( {cs,t} \right)\) :

Active power reduced by csth customer at time t (kW)

\(CDR\left( {cs,t} \right)\) :

Cost of active power reduced by csth customer at time t ($/kW)

\(NSBC\left( {bc,t} \right)\) :

Number of steps of bcth capacitor bank committed at time t

\(CSBC\left( {bc} \right)\) :

Cost of each capacitor step of bcth capacitor bank ($/step)

\(CSWBC\left( {bc} \right)\) :

Switching cost of bcth capacitor bank ($)

\(DCS\left( {ev,t} \right)\) :

Travel distance of evth PHEV in charge-depleting CD mode (mile)

\(CS\left( {ev} \right)\) :

Average gasoline usage of evth PHEV (gallon/mile)

\(CGAS\left( t \right)\) :

Price of gasoline during period t ($/gallon)

\(EVCO2\left( {ev} \right)\) :

CO2 emitted by evth PHEV (kg/mile)

\(EVNOx\left( {ev} \right)\) :

NOx emitted by evth PHEV (kg/mile)

\(FDelta\left( {ev,t} \right)\) :

Expected battery replacement cost of evth PHEV at time t ($)

\(PSG\left( {st,t} \right)\) :

Active power generated by stth ESS at time t (kW)

\(CSG\left( {st,t} \right)\) :

Cost of active power generated by stth ESS at time t ($/kW)

\(PSC\left( {st,t} \right)\) :

Active power stored by stth ESS at time t (kW)

\(CSC\left( {st,t} \right)\) :

Cost of active power stored by stth ESS at time t ($/kW)

\(\eta_{dch} \left( {ev} \right)\) :

Discharge efficiency of evth PHEV

\(\eta_{ch} \left( {ev} \right)\) :

Charge efficiency of evth PHEV

\(V\left( {n,t} \right)\) :

Bus voltage of nth bus at time t (pu)

\(G\left( {n,m} \right)\) :

Conductance of line between bus n and m (S)

\(\theta \left( {n,m,t} \right)\) :

Angle difference of bus n and m at time t (°)

\(B\left( {n,m} \right)\) :

Susceptance of line between bus n and m (S)

\(SOC\left( {ev,t} \right)\) :

State of charge of evth PHEV at time t (kWh)

\(PDCH\left( {ev,t} \right)\) :

Active power discharged by evth PHEV at time t (kW)

\(PCH\left( {ev,t} \right)\) :

Active power charged by evth PHEV at time t (kW)

\(EREQ\left( {ev,t} \right)\) :

Required energy for evth PHEV during time t (kWh)

\(SOC0\left( {ev} \right)\) :

Initial SOC of evth PHEV (kWh)

\(IEV\left( {ev,t} \right)\) :

1 if evth PHEV at time t is available for charging at time t, and 0 otherwise

\(\overline{{PCH\left( {ev} \right)}}\) :

Maximum capacity of charging power by evth PHEV (kW)

\(X\left( {ev,t} \right)\) :

1 if evth PHEV at time t is charged at time t, 0 otherwise

\(\overline{{PDCH\left( {ev} \right)}}\) :

Maximum capacity of discharging power by evth PHEV (kW)

\(DCD\left( {ev,t} \right)\) :

Travel distance of evth PHEV in charge-sustaining (CS) mode (mile)

\(\underline{{SOC\left( {ev} \right)}}\) :

Minimum SOC of evth PHEV (kWh)

\(\underline{{\overline{{SOC\left( {ev} \right)}} }}\) :

Maximum SOC of evth PHEV (kWh)

\(DTotal\left( {ev,t} \right)\) :

Total travel distance by for evth PHEV during time t (mile)

\(E\left( {ev} \right)\) :

Energy required to run evth PHEV on electricity for one mile (kWh)

\(\alpha \left( {ev} \right)\) :

Coefficient of DoD penalty cost function of evth PHEV

\(O\left( {i,t} \right)\) :

1 if ith DG is online, otherwise 0

\(\underline{PG\left( i \right)}\) :

Minimum capacity of generating active power by ith DG (kW)

\(\overline{PG\left( i \right)}\) :

Maximum capacity of generating active power by ith DG (kW)

\(\underline{QG\left( i \right)}\) :

Minimum capacity of generating reactive power by ith DG (kVAr)

\(\overline{QG\left( i \right)}\) :

Maximum capacity of generating reactive power by ith DG (kVAr)

\(\overline{{PSG\left( {st} \right)}}\) :

Maximum capacity of generating active power by stth ESS (kW)

\(\underline{{PSG\left( {st} \right)}}\) :

Minimum capacity of generating active power by stth ESS (kW)

\(\overline{{PSC\left( {st} \right)}}\) :

Maximum capacity of storing active power by stth ESS (kW)

\(\underline{{PSC\left( {st} \right)}}\) :

Minimum capacity of storing active power by stth ESS (kW)

\(VSG\left( {st,t} \right)\) :

1 if stth ESS is generating active power, otherwise 0

\(VSC\left( {st,t} \right)\) :

1 if stth ESS is storing active power, otherwise 0

\(SOCS\left( {st,t} \right)\) :

SOC of stth ESS at time t (kWh)

\(\gamma_{dch} \left( {st} \right)\) :

Discharge efficiency of stth ESS

\(PDCHS\left( {st,t} \right)\) :

Active power discharged by stth ESS at time t (kW)

\(\gamma_{ch} \left( {st} \right)\) :

Charge efficiency of stth ESS

\(PCHS\left( {st,t} \right)\) :

Active power charged by stth ESS at time t (kW)

\(SOCS0\left( {st} \right)\) :

Initial SOC of stth ESS (kWh)

\(RUS\left( {st} \right)\) :

Ramp up limit of stth ESS in generation mode (kW)

\(RUC\left( {st} \right)\) :

Ramp up limit of stth ESS in store mode (kW)

\(RDS\left( {st} \right)\) :

Ramp down limit of stth ESS in generation mode (kW)

\(RDC\left( {st} \right)\) :

Ramp down limit of stth ESS in store mode (kW)

\(\underline{{SOCS\left( {st} \right)}}\) :

Minimum SOC of stth ESS (kWh)

\(\overline{{SOCS\left( {st} \right)}}\) :

Maximum SOC of stth ESS (kWh)

\(\underline{V\left( n \right)}\) :

Minimum voltage amplitude nth bus (pu)

\(\overline{V\left( n \right)}\) :

Maximum voltage amplitude nth bus (pu)

\(SP\left( {n,m,t} \right)\) :

Apparent power flowing in line between nth and mth bus at time t (VA)

\(\overline{{SP\left( {n,m} \right)}}\) :

Maximum apparent power flowing in line between nth and mth bus (VA)

\(\overline{{NSBC\left( {bc} \right)}}\) :

Maximum number steps of bcth capacitor bank

i :

Set of units

t, t′:

Set of time

cs :

Set of costumers participated in DR program

bc :

Set of capacitor banks

ev :

Set of electric vehicles

st :

Set of storage units

n, m :

Set of bus number

MGs:

Microgrids

PHEV:

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

ESSs:

Energy storage systems

DGs:

Distributed generation

DR:

Demand response

MINLP:

Mixed-integer nonlinear program

VPP:

Virtual power plants

RESs:

Renewable energy sources

NLP:

Nonlinear programming

EVs:

Electric vehicles

DoD:

Depth of discharge

PCC:

Point of common connection

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University. We thank our colleagues from the computer center of Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (RBIAU), who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran

    R. Ashrafi & S. Soleymani

  2. School of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

    E. Mehdi

Authors
  1. R. Ashrafi
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  2. S. Soleymani
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  3. E. Mehdi
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Correspondence to S. Soleymani.

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Editorial responsibility: M. Abbaspour.

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Ashrafi, R., Soleymani, S. & Mehdi, E. A novel management scheme to reduce emission produced by power plants and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in a smart microgrid. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17, 2529–2544 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02611-0

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