Abstract
This paper is a study of the origin and diagenetic history of the Upper Jurassic dolomites of the Mozduran Formation, from north eastern Iran, in the Kopet-Dagh Basin. Petrographic and geochemical studies indicate that the Mozduran dolomites were subjected to a complex diagenetic history, resulting five different dolomite—rock textures.
Dolomite type 1 consists of very fine to finely crystalline dolomite, forming penecontemporaneously or by early replacement of carbonate mud, soon after deposition, with Mg possibly derived from seawater. Dolomite type 1 has the most enriched δ180 values (−1.1‰ PDB), compared to other dolomite types. On the basis of crystal size, fabric, and absence of fossils, dolomite type 1 is considered to have been formed in a supratidal to upper intertidal setting, under near surface, low temperature (~34°C) conditions. Dolomite type 2 consists mainly of euhedral rhombs floating in a limestone matrix. This dolomite type resulted from replacement of precursor calcium carbonate, mainly during early shallow burial, and Mg was probably derived from dissolution of high-Mg calcite. Dolomite type 3 is considered to represent a diagenetic replacement of pre-existing limestone and/or recrystallization of an early formed dolomite, possibly after some burial. Dolomite type 4 has medium to coarse nonplanar crystals, often characterized by nonmimically replaced allochems, developed during deep burial (~3.5 to ~4 km), in temperatures ranging from 84 to 113°C. The last dolomitizing events are represented by dolomite type 5, which consists of coarsely crystalline planar-C (cement) dolomite, lining voids, vugs and fractures. This dolomite type has been interpreted as having formed at the latest diagenetic stage, at elevated temperature, ranging from 94 to ~110°C. Dolomite types 4 and 5, with de highest temperatures of formation, possibly formed during the period of maximum burial, between Paleocene and Eocene time. Compaction of shales and clay diagenesis, combined with basinal brines, could produce enough magnesium for shallow to deep burial dolomitization (dolomite types 3 and 4), and dolomite cementation (dolomite type 5). The presence of higher concentrations of organic carbon in dolomites than limestones (~2 to 5 times higher), may indicate that dolomitization occurred preferentially in limestones that originally had higher concentrations of organic matter.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ADABI, M.H., 1991, Trace elements and stable isotope variations in Mozduran carbonates (Upper Jurassic), eastern Kopet-Dagh Basin (abstract): 9th Geology Symposium of Iran, Geology Survey of Iran, p. 34–40.
ADABI, M.H., 1996, Sedimentology and geochemistry of Upper Jurassic (Iran) and Precambrian (Tasmania) carbonates. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tasmania, Australia, 400 p.
ADABI, M.H. and AGER, D.V., 1997, Upper Jurassic brachiopods from North-East of Iran: Palaeontology, v. 40, p. 767–775.
ADABI, M.H. and RAO, C.P., 1991, Petrographic and geochemical evidence for original aragonitic mineralogy of Upper Jurassic carbonates (Mozduran Formation), Sarakhs area, Iran: Sedimentary Geology, v. 72, p. 253–267.
AFSHAR-HARB, A., 1970, Qdology of Sarakhs area and Khangiran gas field: Geology Division, Exploration and Production Group, N.I.O.C., p. 1-17.
AFSHAR-HARB, A., 1979, The stratigraphy, tectonics and petroleum geology of the Kopet-Dagh region, northern Iran. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Imperial College London, 316 p.
AGER, D.N., 1988, Mesozoic Turkey as part of Europe: in M.G. Audley-Charles and A. Hallam eds., Gondwana and Tethys: Geological Society of London, Special Publication, no. 37, p. 241–245.
AMTHOR, J.E. and FRIEDMAN, G.M., 1991, Dolomite-rock textures and secondary porosity development in Ellenburger Group carbonates (Lower Ordovician), west Texas and southern New Mexico: Sedimentology, v. 38, p. 343–362.
AMTHOR, J.E. and FRIEDMAN, G.M., 1992, Early-to latediagenetic dolomitization of platform carbonates: Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group, Permian Basin, West Texas: Jiournal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 62, p. 131–144.
BARNABY, R.J. and READ, J.F., 1992, Dolomitization of a carbonate platform during late burial: Lower to Middle Cambrian Shady Dolomite, Virginia Appalachian: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 62, p. 1023–1043.
BERBERIAN, M. and KING, G.C.P., 1981, Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 18, p. 210–265.
BERNER, R.A., 1990, Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels over Phanerozoic time: Science, v. 249, p. 1382–1386.
BUIWKO, MI., RONOV, A.B., and YANSHIN, A.L., 1985, Changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere during tfie Phanerozoic: Geology, v. 27, p. 423–433.
CANDER, H.S., KAUFMAN, J., DANIELS, L.D., and MEYERS, W.J., 1988, Regional dolomitization of shelf carbonates in the Burlington-Keokuk ForMation (Mississippian), Illinois and Missouri: constraints from cathodoluminiscent zonal stratigraphy: in V.J. Shukla and P.A. Baker, eds., Sedimentology and Geochemistry of Dolostones. Society of Economic Paleontology and Mineralogy Special Publication, v. 43, p. 129–144.
CHRISTIE-BLICK, N., 1982, Pre-Pleistocene glaciation on Earth; implications for climatic history of Mars: Icarus, v. 50, p. 423–443.
DICKSON, J.A.D., 1965, A modified staining technique for carbonates in thin section: Nature, v. 205, p. 587.
DILL, G.H., WEHNER, H., KUS, J., BOTZ, R., BERNER, Z., STUBEN, D., and AL-SAYIGH, A., 2007, The Eocene Rusayl Formation, Oman, Carbonaceous rocks in calcareous shelf sediments: Environment of deposition, alteration and hydrocarbon potential: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 72, p. 89–123.
EL-SAIY, A.K. and JORDAN, B.R., 2007, Diagenetic aspects of Tertiary carbonates west of the northern Oman Mountains, United Arab Emirates: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 31, p. 35–43.
FOLK, R.L., 1974, Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks: Hemphill Publication Company, Austin, Texas, 182 p.
FRAKES, L.A., 1979, Climates Through Geologic Time. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 310 p.
FRIEDMAN, G.M., 1965, Terminology of crystallization textures and fabrics in sedimentary rocks: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 35, p. 643–655.
FRIEDMAN, G.M. and SANDERS, J.E., 1967, Origin and occurrences of dolostones: in G.V. Chilingar, H.J. Bissell, and R.E. Fairbridge, eds, Carbonate Rocks. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 267–348.
GAINES, A., 1980, Dolomitization kinetics; recent experimental studies: in D.H. Zenger, J.B. Dunham, and R.L. Ethington, eds., Concepts and Models of Dolomitization. Society of Economic Paleontology and Mineralogy Special Publication, v. 28, p.139–161.
GAO, G. and LAND, L.S., 1991, Early Ordovician Cool Creek Dolomite, Middle Arbuckle Group, Slick Hills, SW Oklahoma, USA: origin and modification: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 61, p. 161–173.
GIVEN, R.K. and WILKINSON, B.H., 1987, Dolomite abundance and stratigraphic age: constraints on rates and mechanisms of Phanerozoic dolostone formation: Journal ofSedimentary Petrology,v. 57, p. 1068–1078.
GREGG, J.M., 1985, Regional epigenetic dolomitization in the Bonneterre Dolomite (Cambrian), southeastern Missouri: Geology, v. 13, p. 503–506.
GREGG, J.M. and SHELTON, K.L., 1990, Dolomitization and dolomite neomorphism in the back reef facies of the, B onneterre and Davies formations (Cambrian), southeastern Missouri: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 60, p. 549–562.
GREGG, J.M. and SIBLEY, D.F., 1984, Epigenetic dolomitization and the origin of xenotopic dolomite texture: Journal of Sedimentary and Petrology, v. 54, p. 908–931.
HALLAM, A., 1985, A review of Mesozoic climates: Journal of Geological Society of London, v. 142, p, 433–445.
HALLAM, A., 1988, A re-evaluation of Jurassic eustasy in the light of new data and revised Exxon curve: in C.K. Wilgus, B.S. Hastings, C.G.St.C. Kendall, H.W. Posamentier, C.A. Ross, and J. van Wagoner, eds., Sea-Level Changes — an Integrated Approach. Society of Economic Paleontology and Mineralogy, Special Publication, v. 42, p. 261–273.
HALLAM, A., 1993, Jurassic climates as inferred from the sedimentary and fossil record: Philos. Trans. Royal Society of London, Ser. B., v. 341, p. 287–326.
HAQ, B.U., HARDENBOL, J., and VAIL, P.R., 1987, Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic: Science, v. 235, p. 1156–1167.
HARDIE, L.A., 1987, Dolomitization: a critical view of some current views: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 57, p. 166–183.
HORACEK, M., BRANDNER, R., and ABART, R., 2007, Carbon isotope record of the P/T boundary and the Lower Triassic in the southern Alps: Evidence for rapid changes in storage of organic carbon: Palaeogeology, v. 252, p. 347–354.
HUBER, H., 1978, Geological Map of Ran, 1:1000000, with explanatory note. Northeast Iran: N.I.O.C., Exploration and, Production Affairs, Tehran, 1 sheet.
IRWIN, H., 1980, Early diagenetic carbonate precipitation and pore fluid migration in the Kimmeridge Clay of Dorset, England: Sedimentology, v. 27, p. 577–591.
JACKSON, K.A., 1958, Mechanism of Growth, in Liquid Metals and Solidification. American Society of Metals, Cleveland, Ohio, p. 174–186.
JACKSON, K.A. and GILMER, G.H., 1976, Critical surface roughening: Farady Discussions of the Chemical Society, The Farady Division, Chemical Society, London, no. 61, p. 53–62.
JENKYNS, H.C. and CLAYTON, C.J., 1986, Black shales and carbon isotopes in plagic sediments from the Tethyan Lower Jurassic: Sedimentology, v. 33, p. 87–106.
KALANTARI, A., 1969, Foraminifera from the Middle Jurassic-Cretaceous successions of Kopet-Dagh region (NE Iran): N.I.O.C., Geology Laboratory Publication, no. 3, 298 p.
KALANTARI, A., 1987, Biofacies map of Kopet-Dagh region: Unpublished map, N.I.O.C., Exploration and Production, Teheran, 1 sheet.
KROM, M.D. and BERNER, RA., 1983, A rapid method for the determination of organic and carbonate carbon in geological samples: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 53, p. 660–663.
KUPECZ, J.A. and LAND, L.S., 1991, Late-stage dolomitization of the Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group, West Texas: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 61, p. 551–574.
LAND, L.S., 1980, The isotope and trace element geochemistry of dolomite: the state of the art: in D.H. Zenger, J.B. Dunham, and R.L. Ethington, eds., Concepts and Models of Dolomitization. Society of Economic Paleontology and Mineralogy Special Publication, v. 28, p. 87–110.
LAND, L.S., 1983, The application of stable isotopes to studies of the origin of dolomite and to problems of diagenesis of elastic sediments: in Stable Isotopes in Sedimentary Geology. Society of Economic Paleontology and Mineralogy Short Course, v. 10, p. 4.1–4.22.
LAND, L.S., 1985, The origin of massive dolomite: Journal of Geological Education, v. 33, p. 112–125.
LAND, L.S., 1986, Environments of limestone and dolomite diagenesis: some geochemical considerations: in R.G.C. Bathurst and L.S. Land, eds., Carbonate Depositional Environments, Modern and Ancient, part 5, Diagenesis: Colorado School of Mines Quarterly Journal, v. 81, p. 26–41.
LEE, Y.I. and FRIEDMAN, G.M., 1987, Deep-burial dolomitization in the Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group carbonates in west Texas and southeastern New Mexico: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 57, p. 544–557.
LINDHOLM, R.C. and FINKLEMAN, 1972, Calcite staining. semiquantitive determination of ferrous iron: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 42, p. 239–242.
LUMSDEN, D.N., 1988, Characteristics of deep marine dolomite: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 58, p. 1023–1031.
MACHEL, K.G. and ANDERSON, J.H., 1989, Pervasive subsurface dolomitization of the Nisku Formation in central Alberta: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 59, p. 891–911.
MACHEL, H.G. and MOUNTJOY, E.W., 1986, Chemistry and environments of dolomitization: Earth Science Review, v. 23, p. 175–222.
MADAM, M., 1977, A study of the sedimentology, stratigraphy and regional geology of the Jurassic rocks of eastern Kopet-Dagh, NE Iran. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Imperial College, London
MAGARA, K., 1976, Water expulsion from elastic sediments during compaction- directions and volumes: American Association Petroleum Geology Bulletin, v. 60, p. 543–553.
MATTES, B.W. and MOUNTJOY, E.W., 1980, Burial dolomitization of the Upper Devonian Miette buildup, Jasper National Park, Alberta: in D.H. Zenger, J.B. Dunham, and R.L. Ethington, eds., Concepts and Models of Dolomitization. Society of Economic Paleontology and Mineralogy Special Publication, v. 28, p. 259–297.
MAZZULLO, S.J., 1992, Geochemical and neomorphic alteration of dolomite: a review: Carbonates and Evaporites, v. 7, p. 21–37.
MAZZULLO, S.J., 2000, Organogenic dolomitization in peritidal to deep -sea sediments: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 70, p. 10–23.
MCHARGUE, T.R. and PRICE, R.C., 1982, Dolomite from clay in argillaceous or shale associated marine carbonates: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 48, p. 799–814.
MCKENZIE, J.A., 1981, Holocene dolomitization of calcium carbonate sediments from the coastal sabkhas of Abu Dhabi, U.A.E: a stable isotope study: Journal of Geology, v. 89, p. 185–198.
MITCHELL, J.T., LAND, L.S., and MISER, D.E., 1987, Modern marine dolomite cement in a north Jamaica fringing reef: Geology, v. 15, p. 557–560.
MOORE, G.T., HAYASHIDA, D.N., Ross, C.A., and JACOBSON, S.R., 1992a, Paleoclimate of the Kimmeridgian/Tithonian (Late Jurassic) world: I Results using a general circulation model: Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology and Paleoecology, v. 93, p. 113–150.
MOORE, G.T., SLOAN, L.C., HAYASHIDA, D.N., and UMRIGAR, N.P 1992b, Paleoclimate oftheKhnmeridgian/ Tithonian (Late Jurassic) world: II Sensitivity tests comparing three different paleotopographic settings: Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology and Paleoecology, v. 95, p. 229–252.
MORROW, 1982, Diagenesis II. Dolomite-part II: dolomitization models and ancient dolostones: Geoscience, of Canada, v. 9, p. 95–107.
MOUSSAVI-HARAMI, R. and BRENNER, R.L., 1990, Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian) fluvial deposits in eastern Kopet-Dagh Basin, north-eastern Iran: Cretaceous Research, v. 11, p. 163–174.
MOUSSAVI-HARAMI, R. and BRENNER, R.L., 1992, Geohistory analysis and petroleum reservoir characteristics of Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian) sandstones, Eastern Kopet-Dagh Basin, northeastern Iran: American Association Petroleum Geology Bulletin, v. 76, p. 1200–1208.
MUKHOPADHYAY, J., CHANDA, S.K:, FUKUOKA, M., and CHAUDHURI, A.K., 1996, Deep-water dolomites from the Proterozoic Penganga Group in the Pranhita-Godavari Valley, Andhra Pradesh, India: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 66, p. 223–230.
NOVAK, G.A. and COLVILLE, A.A., 1989, A practical interactive least squares cell parameter program using an electronic spreadsheet and a personal computer: American Mineralogist, v. 46, p. 453–457.
PARRISH, IT., ZIEGLER, A.M., and SCOTESE, C.R., 1982, Rainfall patterns and the distribution of coals and evaporites in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic: Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology and Paleoecology, v. 40, p. 67–101.
PEDERSEN, T.F. and CALVERT, S.E., 1990, Anoxia vs. productivity: what controls the formation of organiccarbon rich sediments and sedimentary rocks?: American Association petroleum Geology Bulletin, v. 74, p. 454–466.
PETTIJOHN, F.J., 1975, Sedimentary Rocks: Harper and Row. New York, 628 p.
PINGITORE Jr, N.R., 1978, The behaviour of Zn and Mn during carbonate diagenesis: theory and applications: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 48, p. 799–814.
PRICE, G.D. and SELLWOOD, B.W., 1994, Palaeotemperatures indicated by Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian) fossils from Mallorca determined by oxygen isotope composition: Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology and Paleoecology, v. 110, p. 1–10.
QING, H. and MOUNTJQY, E.W., 1989, Multistage dolomitization in Rainbow buildups, Middle Devonian Keg River Formation, Alberta, Canada: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 59, p. 114–126.
ROBINSON, P., 1980, Determination of calcium, magnesium, manganese, strontium, sodium and iron in the carbonate fraction of limestones and dolomites: Chemical Geology, v. 28, p. 135–146.
RADKE, B.M. and MATHIS, R.L., 1980, On the formation and occurrence of saddle dolomite: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 56, p. 1149–1168.
ROSS, C.A., MOORE, G.T., and HAYASHIDA, D.N., 1992, Late Jurassic paleoclimate simulation-paleoecological implications for ammonoid provinciality: Palaios, v. 7, p. 487–506.
SALLER, A.H., 1984, Petrologic and geochemical constrains on the origin of subsurface dolomite, Eniwetak Atoll: an example of dolomitization by normal seawater: Geology, v. 12, p. 217–220.
SASG, E., and BEIN, A., 1988, Dolomites and salinity: a comparative geochemical study: in V. Shukla and P.A. Baker, eds., Sedimentology and Geochemistry of Dolostones. Society of Economic Paleontology and Mineralogy Special Publication, v. 43, p, 223–233.
SCHMIDT, M., XEFLIDE, S., BOTZ, R., and MANN, S., 2005, Oxygen isotope fractionation during synthesis ’of Ca Mgcarbonate and implications for sedimentaty dolomite formation: Geochimical Cosmochimical Acta, v. 69, p. 4665–4674.
SHUKLA, V. and BAKER, PA., 1988, Sedimentology and geochemistry of dolostones. Society of Economic Paleontology and Mineralogy Special Publication, no. 43, 266 p.
SHUKLA, V. and FRIEDMAN, G.M., 1983, Dolomitization and diagenesis in a shallowing-upward sequence: the Lockport Formation (Middle Silurian), New York State: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 53, p. 703–717.
SIBLEY, D.F. and GREGG, J.M., 1987, Classificatin of dolomite rock texture: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 57, p. 967–975.
SIBLEY, D.F., DEDOES, R.E., and BARTLETT, T.R., 1987, Kinetics of dolomitization: Geology, v. 15, p. 1112–1114.
SMITH, A.G., HURLEY, A.M., and BRIDEN, J.C., 1981, Phanerozoic Paleocontinental World Maps. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 102 p.
SRINIVASAN, K., WALKER, K.R., and GOLDBERG, S.A., 1994, Determining fluid source and possible pathwayes during burial dolomitization of Maryville Limestone (Cambrian), Southern Appalachians, USA: Sedimentology, v. 41, p. 293–308.
STERNBACH, C.A. and FRIEDMAN, G.M., 1984, Ferroan carbonates formed at depth require porosity well-log correction: Hunton Group, deep Anadarko Basin (Upper Ordovician to Lower Devonian) of Oklahoma and Texas. Transactions of Southwest Section, American Association Petroleum Geology, p. 167–173.
TUCKER, M.E., 1991, Sedimentary Petrology: an introduction to the origin of sedimentary rocks. Blackwell, Science Publication, London, 260 p.
USDOWSKI, E., 1989, Synthesis of dolomite and magnesite at 60°C in the system Ca2+-Mg2+-CO2−-Cl2 2−-H2O: Naturwissenschaften, v. 76, p. 343–375.
VAHRENKAMP, V.C. and SWART, P.K., 1990, New distribution coefficient for the incorporation of strontium into dolomites and its implication for the formation of ancient dolomites: Geology, v. 18, p. 387–391.
VALDES, P.J. and SELLWOOD, B.W., 1992, A palaeoclimate model for the Kimmeridgian: Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology and Paleoecology, v. 95, p. 47–72.
VEIZER, J., 1983, Chemical diagenesis of carbonates: theory and application of trace element technique: Stable Isotopes in Sedimentary Geology. Society of Economic Paleontology and Mineralogy Short Course, no.10, p. 3–1 to 3–100.
YE, Q. and MAZZULLO, S.J., 1993, Dolomitization of Lower Permian platform facies, Wichita Formation, north platform, Midland Basin, Texas: Carbonates and Evaporites, v. 8, p. 55–70.
ZENGER, D.H., 1983, Burial dolomite in the Lost Burro Formation (Devonian), east-central California, and the significance of late diagenetic dolomitization: Geology, v. 11, p. 519–522.
ZENGER, D.H. and DUNHAM, J.B., 1988, Dolomitization of Siluro-Devonian limestones in a deep core (5350 meters), southeastern New Mexico: in V. Shukla and P.A. Baker, eds., Sedimentology and Geochemistry of Dolostones. Society of Economic Paleontology and Mineralogy Special Publication, v. 43, p. 161–173.
ZENGER, D.H., DUNHAM, J.B., and ETHINGTON, R.L., 1980, Concepts and Models of Dolomitization. Society of Economic Paleontology and Mineralogy Special Publication, v. 28, 320 p.
ZIEGLER, A.M., SCOTESE, C.R., and BARRETT, S.F., 1983, Mesozoic and Cenozoic paleogeographic maps: in P. Brosche and J. Stindermann, eds., Tidal Friction and the Earth’s Rotation II. Springer, Berlin, p. 240–252.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Adabi, M.H. Multistage dolomitization of upper jurassic mozduran formation, Kopet-Dagh Basin, n.e. Iran. Carbonates and Evaporites 24, 16–32 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03228054
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03228054