Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are used as plasticizer for producing food contact materials. However, PAEs can contaminate foodstuff through chemical migration and present serious environmental concerns. This study aims to investigate the migration of five common PAEs (diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate) from polyvinyl chloride into fatty food simulants (n-hexane, isooctane, and 95% ethanol). The migration levels of the five PAEs into different food simulants were compared after reaching equilibrium with the plastic additive. The migration rate was higher when the molar mass was lower, whereas Ko/w and the migration temperature were higher. Key parameters (diffusion and partition coefficients) of the migration processes were calculated and compared at different temperatures using a mathematical model based on Fick’s second law. The diffusion coefficients ranged from 1.08 × 10−11 cm2/s to 5.50 × 10−10 cm2/s at 60 °C, 2.46 × 10−13 cm2/s to 3.61 × 10−11 cm2/s at 40 °C, and 8.30 × 10−14 cm2/s to 3.60 × 10−12 cm2/s at 20 °C. The diffusion coefficients well fit the Arrhenius relationship in the range of 20–60 °C.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alin J, Hakkarainen M (2010) Type of polypropylene material significantly influences the migration of antioxidants from polymer packaging to food simulants during microwave heating. J Appl Polym Sci 118:1084–1093. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.32472
Arvanitoyannis IS, Bosnea L (2004) Migration of substances from food packaging materials to foods. Crit Rev Food Sci 44:63–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690490424621
Baner A, Brandsch J, Franz R, Piringer O (1996) The application of a predictive migration model for evaluating the compliance of plastic materials with European food regulations. Food Addit Contam 13:587–601. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652039609374443
Begley TH, Hsu W, Noonan G, Diachenko G (2008) Migration of fluorochemical paper additives from food-contact paper into foods and food simulants. Food Addit Contam A 25:384–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701513784
Brandsch J, Mercea P, Rüter M, Tosa V, Piringer O (2002) Migration modelling as a tool for quality assurance of food packaging. Food Addit Contam 19:29–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030110058197
Cooper JE, Kendig EL, Belcher SM (2011) Assessment of bisphenol A released from reusable plastic, aluminium and stainless steel water bottles. Chemosphere 85:943–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere2011.06.060
Crank J (1980) The mathematics of diffusion. Oxford University Press, Oxford
European Economic Community (EEC) (1982) Council Directive 82/711/EEC of 18 October 1982 laying down the basic rules necessary for testing migration of the constituents plastics materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union L 297:26 (amendments 93/8/EEC and 97/48/EC)
European Economic Community (EEC) (1985) Council Directive 85/572/EEC of 19 December 1985 laying down the list of simulants to be used for testing migration of constituents of plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union L 372:14
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2019) Draft update of the risk assessment of di-butylphthalate (DBP), butyl-benzyl-phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-isononylphthalate (DINP) and di-isodecylphthalate (DIDP) for use in food contact materials. EFSA J 20YY; volume (issue): NNNN, 95 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.20YY.NNNN
Fasano E, Bono-Blay F, Cirillo T, Montuori P, Lacorte S (2012) Migration of phthalates, alkylphenols, bisphenol A and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate from food packaging. Food Control 27:132–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.03.005
Gärtner S, Balski M, Koch M, Nehls I (2009) Analysis and migration of phthalates in infant food packed in recycled paperboard. J Agric Food Chem 57:10675–10681. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf902683m
Grob K (2008) The future of simulants in compliance testing regarding the migration from food contact materials into food. Food Control 19:263–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.04.001
Hakkarainen M (2008) Migration of monomeric and polymeric PVC plasticizers. Adv Polym Sci 211:159–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2008_140
Ibarra VG, Sendón R, García-Fonte XX, Losada PP, Quirós ARB (2019) Migration studies of butylated hydroxytoluene, tributyl acetylcitrate and dibutyl phthalate into food simulants. J Sci Food Agric 99:1586–1595. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9337
Kubwabo C, Kosarac I, Stewart B, Gauthier BR, Lalonde K, Lalonde PJ (2009) Migration of bisphenol A from plastic baby bottles, baby bottle liners and reusable polycarbonate drinking bottles. Food Addit Contam A 26:928–937. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030802706725
Limm W, Hollifield HC (1996) Modelling of additive diffusion in polyolefins. Food Addit Contam 13:949–967. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652039609374482
Mercea P, Piringer O (2008) Possibilities and limitations of migration modeling. In: Piringer OG, Baner AL (eds) Plastic Packaging. Wiley, New York, pp 499–522
Nagorka R, Conrad A, Scheller C, Süßenbach B, Moriske H-J (2011) Diisononyl 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (DINCH) and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) in indoor dust samples: concentration and analytical problems. Int J Hyg Environ Heal 214:26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.08.005
Paraskevopoulou D, Achilias DS, Paraskevopoulou A (2012) Migration of styrene from plastic packaging based on polystyrene into food simulants. Polym Int 61:141–148. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.3161
Pereira J, CéuSelbourne MD, Poças F (2019) Determination of phthalates in olive oil from European market. Food Control 98:54–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.11.003
Poças MdF, Oliveira JC, Pereira JR, Brandsch R, Hogg T (2011) Modelling migration from paper into a food simulant. Food Control 22:303–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.07.028
Reinas I, Oliveira J, Pereira J, Machado F, Poças MF (2012) Migration of two antioxidants from packaging into a solid food and into Tenax®. Food Control 28:333–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.05.023
Reynier A, Dole P, Feigenbaum A, Feigenbaum A (1999) Prediction of worst case migration: presentation of a rigorous methodology. Food Additi Contam 16:137–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/026520399284091
Ripolles-Avil C, Hascoët AS, Guerrero-Navarro AE, Rodríguez-Jerez JJ (2018) Establishment of incubation conditions to optimize the in vitro formation of mature Listeria monocytogenes biofilms on food-contact surfaces. Food Control 92:240–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.054
Russell DJ, McDuffle B (1986) Cremodynamic properties of phthalate esters: partitioning and soil migration. Chemosphere 15:1003–1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(86)90553-9
Sanches-Silva A, Pastorelli S, Cruz JM, Simoneau C, Castanheira I, Paseiro-Losada P (2008) Development of a method to study the migration of six photoinitiators into powdered milk. J Agr Food Chem 56:2722–2726. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf703786e
Sanches-Silva A, Andre C, Castanheira I, Cruz JM, Pastorelli S, Simoneau C, Paseiro-Losada P (2009) Study of the migration of photoinitiators used in printed food-packaging materials into food simulants. J Agric Food Chem 57:9516–9523. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf8035758
Silva AS, Cruz Freire JM, Sendón R, Franz R, Paseiro Losada P (2009) Migration and diffusion of diphenylbutadiene from packages into foods. J Agric Food Chem 57:10225–10230. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.200801146
Simal-Gándara J, Damant AP, Castle L (2002) The use of LC-MS in studies of migration from food contact materials: a review of present applications and future possibilities. Crit Rev Anal Chem 32:47–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408340290765443
Tehrany EA, Desobry S (2004) Partition coefficients in food/packaging systems: a review. Food Addit Contam 21:1186–1202. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030400019380
Tüzüm Demir AP, Ulutan S (2013) Migration of phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers out of plasticized PVC films into air. J Appl Polym Sci 128:1948–1961. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.38291
Vrentas JS, Vrentas CM (2003) Evaluation of the free-volume theory of diffusion. J Polym Sci Pol Phys 41:501–507. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.10397
Xu Q, Yin X, Wang M, Wang H, Zhang N, Shen Y, Xu S, Zhang L, Gu Z (2010) Analysis of phthalate migration from plastic containers to packaged cooking oil and mineral water. J Agric Food Chem 58:11311–11317. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf102821h
Yang JL, Li YX, Wu X, Ren L, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhang YJ, Sun CJ (2017) Gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry for successive single-surface migration study of phthalate esters from polythene film. Food Control 73:1134–1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.029
Yang X, Chen DW, LvB Miao H, Wu YN, Zhao YF (2018) Dietary exposure of the Chinese population to phthalate esters by a total diet study. Food Control 89:314–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.11.019
Zhu YT, Lai JH, Liao XD, Liu SL (2018) Screening of lactic acid bacteria strains for their ability to bind phthalate monoesters in vitro and the binding characteristics. Food Control 90:364–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.013
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2012BAD29B05), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21776212).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yuan, H., Hao, Q., Su, R. et al. Migration of phthalates from polyvinyl chloride film to fatty food simulants: experimental studies and model application. J Consum Prot Food Saf 15, 135–143 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00003-019-01249-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00003-019-01249-x