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Characterization of carbon monoxide, methane and nonmethane hydrocarbons in emerging cities of Saudi Arabia and Pakistan and in Singapore

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Abstract

We investigate the composition of 63 C2-C10 nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), methane (CH4) and carbon monoxide (CO), in Jeddah, Mecca, and Madina (Saudi Arabia), in Lahore, (Pakistan), and in Singapore. We established a database with which to compare and contrast NMHCs in regions where ambient levels and emissions are poorly characterized, but where conditions are favorable to the formation of tropospheric ozone, and where measurements are essential for improving emission inventories and modeling. This dataset will also serve as a base for further analysis of air pollution in Western Saudi Arabia including, but not limited to, the estimation of urban emissions and long range pollution transport from these regions. The measured species showed enhanced levels in all Saudi Arabian cities compared to the local background but were generally much lower than in Lahore. In Madina, vehicle exhaust was the dominant NMHC source, as indicated by enhanced levels of combustion products and by the good correlation between NMHCs and CO, while in Jeddah and Mecca a combination of sources needs to be considered. Very high NMHC levels were measured in Lahore, and elevated levels of CH4 in Lahore were attributed to natural gas. When we compared our results with 2010 emissions from the MACCity global inventory, we found discrepancies in the relative contribution of NMHCs between the measurements and the inventory. In all cities, alkenes (especially ethene and propene) dominated the hydroxyl radical (OH) reactivity (k OH) because of their great abundance and their relatively fast reaction rates with OH.

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Acknowledgments

The author(s) acknowledge the financial support from Dr Abdul Rahman AlYoubi, Vice President, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. We would like to thank Dr Gohar Mahar, Osama A. Qasim for the collection of air samples in Saudi Arabia, Fouzia Iram, M. Abbas, Rabia M. Ali, Ayesha Imtiaz, Hafiz Faizan, Shaista Ali, and M. Inam-ur-Rehman for the sampling in Lahore, Pakistan, and Mr. Wei Hong Fan for collecting samples in Singapore. One of the authors (Dr. Haider A. Khwaja) would like to thank the National Talent Pool of the Government of Pakistan for providing financial assistance. The authors also like to thank Brent Love and Gloria Liu (University of California, Irvine) for technical support. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA

    Barbara Barletta, Isobel J. Simpson, Nicola J. Blake, Simone Meinardi & Donald R. Blake

  2. Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA

    Louisa K. Emmons

  3. Unit for Ain Zubaida and Groundwater Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Omar S. Aburizaiza & Jahan Zeb

  4. Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute(QEERI), HBKU, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar

    Azhar Siddique

  5. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore, Singapore

    Liya E. Yu

  6. Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201, USA

    Haider A. Khwaja

  7. Department of Chemistry, GC University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan

    Muhammad A. Farrukh

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  1. Barbara Barletta
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Correspondence to Barbara Barletta.

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Barletta, B., Simpson, I.J., Blake, N.J. et al. Characterization of carbon monoxide, methane and nonmethane hydrocarbons in emerging cities of Saudi Arabia and Pakistan and in Singapore. J Atmos Chem 74, 87–113 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-016-9343-7

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