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Benchmarking bidirectional transformations: theory, implementation, application, and assessment

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Abstract

Bidirectional transformations (bx) are relevant for a wide range of application domains. While bx problems may be solved with unidirectional languages and tools, maintaining separate implementations of forward and backward synchronizers with mutually consistent behavior can be difficult, laborious, and error-prone. To address the challenges involved in handling bx problems, dedicated languages and tools for bx have been developed. Due to their heterogeneity, however, the numerous and diverse approaches to bx are difficult to compare, with the consequence that fundamental differences and similarities are not yet well understood. This motivates the need for suitable benchmarks that facilitate the comparison of bx approaches. This paper provides a comprehensive treatment of benchmarking bx, covering theory, implementation, application, and assessment. At the level of theory, we introduce a conceptual framework that defines and classifies architectures of bx tools. At the level of implementation, we describe Benchmarx, an infrastructure for benchmarking bx tools which is based on the conceptual framework. At the level of application, we report on a wide variety of solutions to the well-known Families-to-Persons benchmark, which were developed and compared with the help of Benchmarx. At the level of assessment, we reflect on the usefulness of the Benchmarx approach to benchmarking bx, based on the experiences gained from the Families-to-Persons benchmark.

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Notes

  1. In this paper, we consider only the case of two artifacts.

  2. http://www.eclipse.org/atl/atlTransformations/#Families2Persons.

  3. www.sdmlib.org.

  4. Merriam-Webster 2013.

  5. The results of some test cases depend on the order of elementary change operations.

  6. In practice, this could either represent runtime user interaction or compile-time design preferences.

  7. EMF supports this via a notification framework.

  8. Recall from Sect. 1 that the forward direction is from the families model to the persons model, while backward is from the persons model to the families model.

  9. https://github.com/eMoflon/benchmarx.

  10. http://hackage.haskell.org/package/BiGUL.

  11. http://bit.ly/bigul-f2p-benchmarx.

  12. The actual solution is a bit more complex as SyncL is further decomposed into two arrows.

  13. http://www.sdmlib.org.

  14. http://bit.ly/2RXABuw.

  15. http://www.transformation-tool-contest.eu.

  16. http://bx-community.wikidot.com/examples:home.

  17. http://www.eclipse.org/atl/atlTransformations/#Families2Persons.

  18. http://bx-community.wikidot.com.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany

    Anthony Anjorin

  2. University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

    Thomas Buchmann & Bernhard Westfechtel

  3. McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

    Zinovy Diskin

  4. National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan

    Hsiang-Shang Ko

  5. University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

    Romina Eramo

  6. Wiesbaden, Germany

    Georg Hinkel

  7. MDSE Research Group, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

    Leila Samimi-Dehkordi

  8. University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany

    Albert Zündorf

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  1. Anthony Anjorin
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  5. Hsiang-Shang Ko
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Communicated by Prof. Zhenjiang Hu.

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This paper is an extended version of work by Anjorin et al. [4]. We would like to thank Erhan Leblebici and our anonymous reviewers for their useful input and suggestions.

Glossary

Glossary

  • Architecture (of a bx tool) External interface, defined by required inputs and provided outputs, and internal processing, defined by processing steps and their organization.

  • Automatic synchronization Synchronization that is not interactive.

  • Backward synchronization Directed synchronization in the direction of the source model.

  • Batch synchronization Directed synchronization that creates a new dependent model.

  • Benchmark A standardized test that serves as a basis for comparison or evaluation.

  • Bidirectional transformation (bx) A transformation that synchronizes a source model with a target model.

  • bx language A domain-specific language for defining bidirectional transformations.

  • bx law A condition that is satisfied by bidirectional transformations.

  • bx tool A tool for executing bidirectional transformations.

  • Change Any modification to the contents of a model.

  • Completeness The ability of a bidirectional transformation to process all models in the domain or range of the consistency relation.

  • Concurrent synchronization Synchronization in which both source and target models may be changed.

  • Conformance Satisfaction of requirements.

  • Consistency A condition on pairs of source and target models that ensures that both models agree on shared information.

  • Consistency relation A binary relation that includes all pairs of source and target models that are mutually consistent.

  • Correctness A bx law that demands consistency between the source model and the target model.

  • Delta Difference between two versions of the same model.

  • Dependent model The model that is created or changed in a directed synchronization.

  • Directed synchronization Synchronization from a master model to a dependent model.

  • Forward synchronization Directed synchronization in the direction of the target model.

  • Hippocraticness A bx law that excludes changes on source and target models that are already consistent before the execution of a bidirectional transformation.

  • Incremental synchronization Synchronization that modifies an already existing model.

  • Interactive synchronization Synchronization that is partially controlled by user interactions being performed during the synchronization.

  • Least change synchronization Synchronization that performs a minimal change with respect to a suitable metric to reestablish consistency.

  • Least surprise synchronization Synchronization which minimizes the surprise of the user of a bx tool and thus maximizes conformance to the user’s expectations.

  • Live synchronization Synchronization that is performed immediately after each elementary change.

  • Master model The model that is read but not changed in a directed synchronization.

  • Metamodel Model that defines the structure of a set of models.

  • Model Abstraction of a system under study.

  • Operational delta A delta which is defined by a sequence of change operations from an old to a new version of a model.

  • Round-trip law A bx law that refers to a round trip of directed synchronizations being performed in sequence.

  • Source model A model that may act as first component of a pair in the consistency relation maintained by a bidirectional transformation.

  • Structural delta A delta which is defined in terms of structural elements being contained in both or only one of the two model versions.

  • Symmetric synchronization Synchronization between two models, where neither model is a view of its opposite.

  • Synchronization Execution of a bidirectional transformation with the intent to establish or restore consistency between a source model and a target model.

  • Synchronization on-demand Synchronization that is performed only on explicit or implicit user request.

  • System Generic concept for designating a software application, software platform, or any other software artifact.

  • Target model A model that may act as second component of a pair in the consistency relation maintained by a bidirectional transformation.

  • Transformation A procedure that reads, creates, or changes a set of models.

  • Transformation definition The program that controls the transformation.

  • Termination An execution of a transformation which halts after a finite number of steps.

  • Version A state of an evolving model at a specific point in time, defined in terms of the model’s contents at that time.

  • View An abstraction of a model that may be computed automatically from the model’s content.

  • View-based synchronization Synchronization between a model and a view on this model.

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Anjorin, A., Buchmann, T., Westfechtel, B. et al. Benchmarking bidirectional transformations: theory, implementation, application, and assessment. Softw Syst Model 19, 647–691 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10270-019-00752-x

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