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Stratigraphic correlation and splice generation for sediments recovered from a large-lake drilling project: an example from Lake Junín, Peru

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Abstract

Sediment records from deep-drilling projects such as those carried out by the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program are often tens to hundreds of meters in length. To ensure the complete recovery of a stratigraphic section, a basin is usually cored multiple times in adjacent holes so that gaps between sequential cores, poorly recovered sections, or intervals affected by disturbance can be bridged or replaced with sediments from another hole. Stratigraphic correlation, the alignment of stratigraphically-equivalent horizons in cores from different holes in a common-depth scale, and splice generation, the integration of the most-representative core sections into a composite-stratigraphic section, are essential steps in this process to both evaluate and synthesize the recovered-sediment record and focus the scientific analyses. However, these undertakings can be complex and are inherently subjective, making the need for the development of a single robust stratigraphic section early in the project critical to its success. Despite this, the steps between core recovery and on-splice data generation are rarely published in sufficient detail to allow reconstruction, or refinement, of the composited record at a later date. To increase the transparency of how the composite record is created, and to provide a template for future projects, we detail the step-by-step approaches and decisions involved in generating the composite-depth scale and complete-stratigraphic splice following recovery of sediments from Lake Junín, Peru. We first explain the details and nuances of different drilling-depth scales before describing how we integrated different physical property records to generate the composite-depth scale and complete-stratigraphic splice. Here, we show that due to the complex stratigraphy in the Lake Junín sediments, high-resolution line-scan images of the cores offer millimeter-scale precision for construction of the primary-stratigraphic splice at a resolution not afforded by other physical property data. Finally, through comparison of the spliced record to physical-property records acquired in situ on the borehole, we demonstrate that the stratigraphic splice is an accurate representation of the sediment accumulated in the Lake Junín basin.

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Acknowledgements

This research was carried out with support from the U.S. National Science Foundation awards EAR-1400903 (Stoner), EAR-1404113 (Abbott), and EAR-1402076 (Rodbell) and was co-funded by the ICDP, which in the US is operated out of the Continental Scientific Drilling Coordination Office (CSDCO) at the University of Minnesota. The Lake Junín Project would not have been possible without the team of drillers from DOESECC Exploration Services (USA), GEOTEC (Peru), and the expertise of Doug Schnurrenberger, Kristina Brady Shannon, and Mark Shapley of CSDCO. Logistical assistance was provided by Bryan Valencia, Angela Rozas-Davila, James Bartle, and Cecilia Oballe. RGH would like to thank Brian Grivna at the CSDCO for assistance with integrating the manually offset cores into LacCore-hosted software.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA

    R. G. Hatfield & J. S. Stoner

  2. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA

    R. G. Hatfield

  3. Geology and Environmental Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA

    A. Woods, S. B. Lehmann, N. Weidhaas & M. B. Abbott

  4. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA

    C. Y. Chen

  5. Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Potsdam, Germany

    J. Kück & S. Pierdominici

  6. Department of Geology, Union College, Schenectady, NY, 12308, USA

    D. T. Rodbell

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  1. R. G. Hatfield
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  3. S. B. Lehmann
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Correspondence to R. G. Hatfield.

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10933_2019_98_MOESM1_ESM.jpg

Depth-scale schematic showing the depths scales discussed in the text. A depth target can be measured directly using the drilling-below-rig floor (DRF) but is usually presented on the drilling-below-lake floor (DLF) depth scale that incorporates an estimate of both water depth and the offset between the datum on the rig floor and the water surface (D). The DRF minus the length of the mudline core can used to estimate these two parameters. The core depth-below-lake floor (CLF) is calculated from the DLF at the top of the core plus the length of the interval measured into that core. The CLF at the core top and the DLF are the same value. Secondary CLF-B-, CCLF-, and CCLF-B-depth scales can be calculated from the CLF (Table 1). CCLF = core composite depth below lake floor; WRF = wireline depth below rig floor (WRF); WLF = wireline depth below lake floor (WLF) (Table 1)

Supplementary material 1 (JPEG 1509 kb)

10933_2019_98_MOESM2_ESM.jpg

GRA data and high-resolution images for sections from cores JUN15-1D-29H, JUN15-1D-31H, and JUN15-1C-28H. The original CLF depth-scale suggested a 3.23 m gap exists between the base of JUN15-1D-29H-3 and the top of JUN15-1D-31H-1. Compositing and integration of these cores with data and images from core JUN-1C-28H suggests this gap is only 0.23 m and that a -3 m error exists in the CLF depth of core JUN15-1D-31H and all subsequent cores from Hole D. This is corrected in the CCLF depth scale and explained and justified in the text

Supplementary material 2 (JPEG 4011 kb)

10933_2019_98_MOESM3_ESM.jpg

Comparison of MS records of Hole C and Hole D using the CLF-depth scale (upper panel) and CCLF-depth scale (lower panel). Comparisons are made between the two records by interpolating the Hole D data onto the respective Hole C CLF and CCLF depths. Note the stronger agreement between the two MS records on the CCLF depth scale that results from placing the data within a common depth reference

Supplementary material 3 (JPEG 1608 kb)

10933_2019_98_MOESM4_ESM.jpg

CLF depth (m) vs CCLF depth (m) for all core tops from Holes A-E and in the lower right panel all seven holes together including Junin-C15 and Junin-D15. The growth factor (GF) is calculated as the expansion of the CCLF depth scale relative to the CLF scale and is expressed as a ratio and a percentage. The average GF for all holes is 1.0167 (1.67%)

Supplementary material 4 (JPEG 1839 kb)

Supplementary material 5 (DOCX 25 kb)

Supplementary material 6 (DOCX 20 kb)

Supplementary material 7 (DOCX 12 kb)

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Hatfield, R.G., Woods, A., Lehmann, S.B. et al. Stratigraphic correlation and splice generation for sediments recovered from a large-lake drilling project: an example from Lake Junín, Peru. J Paleolimnol 63, 83–100 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-019-00098-w

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