Abstract
In order to evaluate the possible human health risk by phyto-accumulation of five heavy metals, viz. Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb and Ni, four Brassica species, namely B. campestris, B. juncea, B. napus and B. nigra, were grown under field conditions irrigated with 100% (undiluted) and 50% (diluted) wastewater (WW). The groundwater treatment was taken as control. WW irrigations (50% and 100%) were found to increase growth parameters (length, fresh biomass and dry biomass of shoot and root) and seed yield of all Brassica species. Calculated metal indices showed tolerance ability (tolerance index, TolI > 1) of all four Brassica species growing in both 50% and 100% WW-irrigated soil, but none of these could act as hyperaccumulator (bioconcentration factor, BCF < 1, and translocation index, TraI < 100%). Even though WW contained the permissible limit of phyto-elements, the input/addition of them into soil through irrigation caused the accumulation of most of the heavy metals in both leaf and seed parts of all Brassica crops far above the safety limit. Furthermore, the values of hazard quotient (HQ) for single metal (Pb) and total metals in all the crops were greater than 1 (HQ > 1), representing the human health at serious risk.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Chairman, Department of Botany, A.M.U, Aligarh, for providing agricultural research field and all necessary facilities in the laboratory to carry out the research work. Also thanks to Dr. Akhtar Inam for guidance while writing the manuscript. Seema Sahay and Saba Iqbal drew the experimental design and contributed to performing the experiment, analysis and interpretation of data. All authors discussed the results and contributed equally to final version of submitted manuscript.
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The author Seema Sahay gratefully acknowledges the award of Junior Research Fellow and Senior Research Fellow of Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship (RGNF-JRF-SRF) and Post-Doctoral Fellowship via award letter numbers F. No. 16/1274/SC (SA-III) and No.F./PDFSS-2015-17-UTT-12296, respectively, by the University Grant Commission (UGC), New Delhi, India.
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Sahay, S., Inam, A. & Iqbal, S. Risk analysis by bioaccumulation of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cd from wastewater-irrigated soil to Brassica species. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17, 2889–2906 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02580-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02580-4