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Experimental investigation on the thermal performance and new correlation for thermal conductivity of aqueous copper oxide-doped MCM-41 nanofluids

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Abstract

In the present study, the pure MCM-41- and CuO-doped MCM-41 nanoparticles with various mass fractions of CuO were synthesized and used for the preparation of water-based nanofluids. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized using small-angle X-ray scattering, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and N2 adsorption/desorption analysis. The thermal conductivity of the water-based nanofluids with various mass fractions of nanoparticles including 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mass% was measured by KD2-Pro thermal analyzer. A new correlation is developed for the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid with a reasonably good accuracy (± 5%) when comparing to the experimental data. The thermal performance of these nanofluids together with hydraulic features such as friction factor and heat transfer coefficient was investigated using a mini-channel heat exchanger. The obtained results revealed that the thermal conductivity can be enhanced by 13.1% which belonged to the nanofluid with 1 mass% of CuO-doped MCM-41 nanoparticles. The maximum heat transfer coefficient enhancement was 31% and belonged to the nanofluid containing 50% CuO@MCM-41 nanoparticles at 0.5 mass%. The performance evaluation criterion (PEC) of the various nanofluids was also calculated, and it was identified that the nanoparticles with 50% CuO@MCM-41 dispersed in water have the largest PEC, 16.7% over the base fluid. The friction factor increases by adding the nanoparticles to the pure water. For example, at Re = 1200, the friction factor increases about 36.84% by using the 50%CuO@MCM-41 nanoparticles with 0.5 mass% as compared with the pure water. The friction factor decreases with increasing the Reynolds number. For example, for 50%CuO@MCM-41 and 0.5 mass%, the friction factor decreases up to 34.17% as the Reynolds number increases in the range of 400–1200.

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Abbreviations

a :

Effective cross-sectional area of one adsorbate molecule, in square meters, 0.162 nm2 for nitrogen

A t :

Total heat transfer area, m2

C :

Dimensionless constant related to enthalpy of adsorption of adsorbate gas on powder sample

C p :

Specific heat capacity, J kg−1 K−1

D h :

Hydraulic diameter, m

\( f \) :

Darcy friction factor

H :

Heat transfer coefficient, W m−2 K−1

H c :

Height of channel, m

I :

Current, A

K :

Thermal conductivity, W m−1 K−1

L c :

Length of channel

m :

Mass of test powder, g

\( \dot{m} \) :

Mass flow rate, kg s−1

N :

Avogadro constant, 6.022 × 1023 mol−1

Nu:

Nusselt number

ΔP :

Pressure drop, Pa

P :

Partial vapor pressure of adsorbate gas in equilibrium with the surface at 77 K (b.p. of liquid nitrogen), Pa

P 0 :

Saturated pressure of adsorbate gas, Pa

PEC:

Performance evaluation criterion

Q :

Heat, W

Re:

Reynolds number

T :

Temperature, K

U :

Velocity, m s−1

V :

Voltage, V

V a :

Volume of gas adsorbed at standard temperature and pressure (273.15 K and 1.013 × 105 Pa), mL

V m :

Volume of gas adsorbed at standard temperature and pressure to produce an apparent monolayer on sample surface, mL

W c :

Width of channel, m

avg:

Average

B:

Balk

Bf:

Base fluid

F:

Fluid

in:

Inlet

nf:

Nanofluid

out:

Outlet

P:

Nanoparticle

w:

Wall

ρ :

Density, kg m−3

µ :

Viscosity, kg m−1 s−1

φ :

Volume fraction of particle

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Acknowledgements

The authors would appreciate Semnan University for the financial supports.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Nanotechnology, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran

    Fatemeh Mansour Kiaee & Zohreh Bahrami

  2. Faculty of Chemical, Petroleum, and Gas Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran

    Faramarz Hormozi

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  1. Fatemeh Mansour Kiaee
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Correspondence to Zohreh Bahrami.

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Kiaee, F.M., Bahrami, Z. & Hormozi, F. Experimental investigation on the thermal performance and new correlation for thermal conductivity of aqueous copper oxide-doped MCM-41 nanofluids. J Therm Anal Calorim 140, 1443–1455 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-08832-2

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