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Heavy metal stabilization of industrial solid wastes using low-grade magnesia, Portland and magnesia cements

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Abstract

In this study, stabilization/solidification of electric arc furnace dust and Pb-refining dust was investigated. Stabilization of both wastes was performed by mixing each raw waste with MgO, Portland cement, MgO with MgCl2 (magnesium oxychloride cement), and MgO with phosphate salts (magnesium phosphate cement), at ratios between 5 and 25 wt%. Stabilization/solidification processes were evaluated using EN 12457-4 standard leaching test and stabilized wastes were classified according to the 2003/33/EC Decision. Leachates of stabilized electric arc furnace dust with magnesium oxychloride and magnesium phosphate cement at 10 wt% and 5 wt%, respectively, presented lower concentrations than the regulation limits for disposal in non-hazardous waste landfills; however, the stabilized electric arc furnace dust using MgO or Portland cement at 25 wt% cannot be disposed in hazardous waste landfills. Stabilized Pb-refining dust using MgO or Portland cement at 25 wt% can be disposed of in hazardous waste landfills, whereas stabilized Pb-refining dust with magnesium oxychloride and magnesium phosphate cement at 20 wt% is suitable for disposal in non-hazardous waste landfills. The efficiency of magnesia cements stabilization is attributed to regulation of pH at 10–11, where metal solubility is diminished and positive surface charge of hydrolyzed MgO products results in high adsorption of metalloids oxy-anions.

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Abbreviations

AAS:

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry

EAFD:

Electric arc furnace dust

EDS:

Energy-dispersive spectroscopy

FTIR:

Fourier transformed infrared

IEP:

Iso-electric point

L/S:

Liquid per solid

MOC:

Magnesium oxychloride cement/Sorel cement

MPC:

Magnesium phosphate cement

OPC:

Ordinary Portland cement

Pb-RFD:

Pb-Refining dust

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

S/S:

Stabilization/solidification

XRD:

X-Ray diffractometry

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Acknowledgements

This research has been co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund—ESF) and Greek national funds through the Program “PAVET”—Project: Environmental applications of magnesia and utilization of produced by-products. Authors would like to thank Anna Esther Carrillo for the technical assistance during SEM observations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece

    E. Pantazopoulou, E. Ntinoudi & A. I. Zouboulis

  2. Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece

    M. Mitrakas

  3. Research and Development Centre, Grecian Magnesite S.A., 57006, Thessaloniki, Greece

    H. Yiannoulakis & Th. Zampetakis

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  1. E. Pantazopoulou
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  2. E. Ntinoudi
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  3. A. I. Zouboulis
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  5. H. Yiannoulakis
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Correspondence to A. I. Zouboulis.

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Pantazopoulou, E., Ntinoudi, E., Zouboulis, A.I. et al. Heavy metal stabilization of industrial solid wastes using low-grade magnesia, Portland and magnesia cements. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 22, 975–985 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-00985-9

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