Spectroscopic and thermal nonlinearity study of a Schiff base compound
Introduction
Schiff bases are compounds represent an interesting group and play vital roles in different areas of chemistry due to their promising properties. Schiff bases have imine or azomethine nitrogen (CN) groups. Schiff base compounds can bear multi-substituents with several electrons donor/acceptor groups which leads to the modification of the hyperpolarizabilities of conjugated systems in these molecules and giving its Schiff bases a potential nonlinear properties [1].
Since its discovery Schiff base received enormous interest and find endless applications due to its variety of properties viz., biological, antibacterial, antifungal, biocidal, antiviral, antimalarial and anticancer. Schiff bases finds applications in medicine, in modern technologies, and in synthesis and chemical analysis and their biological activities were studied by many researchers [[2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]]. Schiff bases medical, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and pharmacological activities were studied [[8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16]], together with their optoelectronic properties [[17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25]]. Last but not least Schiff bases were studied for number of reasons [[26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40]].
Due to their potential uses in applications such as phase conjugation, optical switching, optical limiting, image processing, optical data storage etc. [[41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57]], organic materials have attracted intense activities to explore their nonlinear properties such as its nonlinear refractive indexes, nonlinear absorptions, etc., [[48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60]].
When a continuous wave, CW, laser beam with fundamental, TEM00, Gaussian extent propagates through an absorbing medium small part of the incident beam energy is absorbed by the medium. As a result of absorption local heating of the medium occurs in the shape of bell. Heating leads to change in the local temperature of the medium. Since the medium refractive index is temperature dependent the absorption leads to non-uniform distribution of the refractive index of the medium. Since the absorption occurs at the central part of the laser beam more than the wings of the Gaussian beam so does the change in refractive index. Such medium can be considered as lens like and since heating leads to a reduction in the medium density so that a negative lens usually created at the direction of propagation of the laser beam. The passage of the Gaussian laser beam in the medium subsequently leads to number of phenomena or effects in the transverse direction with respect to the laser beam viz., self-focusing, self-defocusing, self-phase modulation, etc., [[61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66]]. As a result of passing through the nonlinear medium the laser beam acquire a phase shift that might leads to the generation of diffraction ring patterns [67] that can be used to the calculation of the total change in the medium refractive index, Δn, of medium and nonlinear refractive index, n2 [68]. The multiple diffraction ring patterns have been registered in so many organic materials [[69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76]]. Z-scan technique was used to calculate both the nonlinear absorption, β, and nonlinear refractive index, n2, and assign the sign of later [[77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84]].
In this work a Schiff base was prepared. Diffraction ring patterns and open and closed aperture Z-scan, measurements were carried out separately to characterize its nonlinear response to the low power visible continuous wave laser beam. The total change in the Schiff refractive index, its nonlinear refractive index and its nonlinear absorption coefficient were calculated. Optical limiting property of the Schiff has been tested.
Section snippets
1 Materials and methods
The 2, 4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-aminobenzoic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All chemicals and solvents were used without further purification. The Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectrum was recorded in Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-d6 using Inova 500 Varian (500 MHz) with (TMS as internal reference). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum was obtained on Shimadzu - 84005 spectrophotometer using KBr disk. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible) absorption spectrum was
Diffraction ring patterns
Sample results of the obtained diffraction ring patterns are shown in Fig. 6 for input power (mW) a:32, b:39, c:45, d:50, e:55 and f:62 where it can be seen that the number of rings, the area of each pattern and the diameter of each outermost ring in every pattern all increases monotonically with the increase of input power. As a manifestation of self-defocusing, the outer most ring in each pattern is the most intense compare to the inner rings. Fig. 7 shows the effect of the beam wave front of
Comparative study
The present results of the nonlinear refractive index, n2, and nonlinear absorption coefficient, β, of Schiff base compound can be compared with those belongs to another three Schiff bases with the azomethine groups (-CN-) synthesized by Derkowska-Zielinska at el [99]. where obtained under irradiation with short, 10 ps, pulses at very high input intensity. It can be seen that β and n2 values obtained in the present work are much higher than those belongs to the one obtained by
Conclusion
The Schiff base compound was synthesized by condensation reaction from 4-aminobenzoic acid and 2, 4-hydroxy benzaldeyhyde. This material was confirmed via, FTIR, H1 NMR and Mass techniques. The passage of a 473 nm laser beam in the Schiff base compound have led to the generation of diffraction ring patterns in the far field. The type of the ring patterns obtained depends on the type of laser beam wave front. The use of the Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction theory have led to the good qualitative
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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