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Underestimated species diversity and hidden habitat preference in Moina (Crustacea, Cladocera) revealed by integrative taxonomy

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Abstract

In Japan, farm ponds retain water throughout the year while rice fields are continuously inundated for no more than 2 months, usually from spring to early summer. Although the zooplankton fauna in artificial water bodies would be expected to vary according to differences in inundation periods, scientific confirmation of this relation is largely lacking. Due to its ubiquity, the cladoceran Moina is a suitable target for studying habitat-related differences in the planktonic fauna, but its taxonomy remains unresolved, making morphological identifications potentially uncertain. We thus applied integrative taxonomy with both morphological and genetic evaluations for reliable species delimitation to Moina samples collected primarily in Japan (with smaller collections from Taiwan). This approach increased the alpha diversity of Moina species in Japan from three (in previous studies) to seven. It also revealed different habitat preferences among Moina species, with the smaller species being distributed mostly in farm ponds (followed by natural lakes), and the larger species mostly in rice fields. We argue that the phenological match/mismatch with inundation period of rice fields was a major factor for this strong trend of spatial species turnover, with differing degrees of fish predation pressure among the habitat types being another factor.

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Acknowledgements

We very gratefully acknowledge Seiki Igarashi, Akiyoshi Shinada, Hitoshi Kumagai, Mariko Nagano, Takuya Taira, Sayumi Yamada, Hajime Ohtsuki, Tsubasa Iwabuchi, Toru Koabari, Takeshi Yuhara, Natsumi Maruoka, Ryotaro Ichige, Takehiro Kazama, Megumi Nakagawa, Noriko Takamura, Hajime Yoshino, Fu-Lung Shih, and Osamu Miura for providing us with Moina specimens. Jotaro Urabe developed the source code for R to draw the map of Japan in Fig. 4, for which we are grateful. We also thank the anonymous referees, whose comments significantly improved our manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by grants from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (16770011, 19770010, 23570015, 15H02380, 15K07211, and 18K06407) and the Ministry of the Environment, Japan (the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund, 4-1602), and the Water Resources Environment Technology Center (Nos. 2008-06 and 2018-03) and was performed under the cooperative research program of the Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University (Nos. 17030, 18020, and 19034).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki aza aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan

    Wataru Makino

  2. Biodiversity Research Centre, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

    Ryuji J. Machida

  3. OYO Corporation, Global Environment Business Division, Ecology and Civil Engineering Institute, 275 Aza Ishibatake Ohaza Nishikata, Miharu-machi, Tamura-gun, Fukushima, 963-7722, Japan

    Jiro Okitsu

  4. Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan

    Nisikawa Usio

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  1. Wataru Makino
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  4. Nisikawa Usio
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Correspondence to Wataru Makino.

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Makino, W., Machida, R.J., Okitsu, J. et al. Underestimated species diversity and hidden habitat preference in Moina (Crustacea, Cladocera) revealed by integrative taxonomy. Hydrobiologia 847, 857–878 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-019-04147-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-019-04147-3

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