Response of photonic crystal hydrogels to carbohydrate and polyhydroxy alcohols
Graphical abstract
Inverse opal hydrogel IOHGHEMA+3APBA films with band gap in the visible light region were prepared and showed response to carbohydrate and polyhydroxy alcohols.
Introduction
Photonic crystals (PCs) are substances whose dielectric constants (or refractive indexes) have cyclical changes [[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]] and they can have energy band structures called photonic band gap (PBGs) [[7], [8], [9], [10], [11]]. As an electromagnetic wave propagates through a photonic crystal it is modulated because of Bragg diffraction [[12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17]]. If the energy of the electromagnetic wave matches that of the PBG, it will be subject to a repressive effect and it cannot be propagated and reflected back [[18], [19], [20], [21], [22]]. When the PBG is in visible light region, the PC displays a structural color which can be seen by the naked eye [[23], [24], [25], [26], [27]]. Due to the presence of PBG, it can be modulated to control the photon spread [[28], [29], [30], [31]]. These modifications have great value for applications in optical fiber communication, microwave devices, optical switches and filters, and sensors.
Using PC as sensors is based on the Bragg's law and the Bragg diffraction peak or reflection peak maximum (λmax) is related to the refractive index of the material and the lattice spacing of PC [32,33]. Usually, stimuli-responsive PCs are used as sensors because their λmax values are sensitive to chemicals or external physical environmental changes. If the PBG of a PC is in the visible light region, it can be utilized in colorimetric sensing like a pH indicator strip [34]. The key challenge for fabricating stimuli-responsive PCs is the integration of responsive functionalities into the PC. This is typically accomplished by intigrating molecular imprint, functional groups, functional materials or responsive hydrogels into PC structure [[35], [36], [37], [38]].
PC hydrogels are even more popular and versatile because hydrogels have high swelling or contacting ability so the lattice spacing of PC dramatically changes and subsequently induce shift of λmax. In addition, the composition of hydrogels can be easily adjusted so as to response (or detect) to different targets. Stimuli-responsive PC has been used to detect chemicals (gas, ions, organics and biological molecules etc) or physical environment (pressure, temperature and light etc) [32,33,[39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44]]. These stimuli-responsive PC are reusable and convenient detection device that can meet the basic requirements of good detectors or sensors. Asher first developed a PCCA (polymer hydrogel with an embedded crystalline colloidal array (CCA)) sensor to detect chemicals including the glucose [45,46]. After that, detection of glucose using stimuli-responsive PC has been extensive studied [[47], [48], [49], [50]]. However, most of the detection based on the responsive inverse opal hydrogels is focused on a specific substance like glucose and lacks a systematic study and comparison for a class of substances [51]. Lee analyzed optical diffraction response of glucose-sensitive inverse opal hydrogels [52], Zhang fabricated linear and fast hydrogel glucose sensor materials enabled by volume resetting agents [53] and discussed the effects of phenylboronic acid chemical structure on response of hydrogel-based glucose sensors [54], Xue et al. has fabricated a covalently imprinted photonic crystal for glucose sensing [55], Hu et al. developed near-infrared photonic crystal glucose-sensing materials for ratiometric sensing of glucose [56].
In this paper, by attaching phenylboronic acid, a functional group that can bind to carbohydrates, and polyhydroxy alcohol to photonic crystals, we achieve detection of hydroxyl containing organics. The inverse opal hydrogel film composed of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid (3APBA) (IOHGHEMA+3APBA) was successfully prepared by convenient ultrasonic-induced self-assembly (for forming colloid crystal as template) and in situ polymerization of monomers within the template. The responsiveness of the IOHGHEMA+3APBA film to monosaccharides, polysaccharides or polyhydric alcohols was studied by using λmax of the IOHGHEMA+3APBA in the visible region in order to investigate selectivity of hydroxyl containing organic compounds with similar structure.
Section snippets
Materials
The monomers 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), N-cyclohexyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (CHES) and 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid (3APBA) were purchased from Beijing J & K Technology Co. Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and 4, 4′- azobis (4-cyanovaleric acid) were from Aladdin-reagent (Shanghai) Co. and Tianjin Heowns Biochemical Technology Co., rspectively. Sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, D-arabinose, D-xylose, d-ribose, anhydrous glucose, D-mannose, d-fructose, D-raffinose, sucrose,
PS opal and IOHGHEMA+3APBA films
The PS opal template was prepared by ultrasonic-induced self-assembly. PS colloids in the opal template are arranged orderly in three-dimension (Fig. 2a), so the opal template shows a maximum reflection peak (λmax) at 507 nm (Fig. 2b), which is consistent with the λmax value of 503 nm from calculation with the modified Bragg equation. The IOHGHEMA+3APBA film was prepared by filling the monomer/ initiator mixture solution into the PS opal template induced by capillary force, in situ polymerizing
Conclusions
The IOHGHEMA+3APBA film with a stable three dimensional structure has been successfully prepared by a self-assembly and in situ polymerization method. The IOHGHEMA+3APBA film is responsive to alicyclic alcohols (hexose and pentose), yellow dextrin and aliphatic alcohols. The redshift degree of λmax of the IOHGHEMA+3APBA film is related to the number of effective hydroxyl groups and molecular size and shows some change trends. Thus isomers or organic compounds with similar structures or
Declaration of Competing Interest
None.
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This author contributed equally to the work.