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Photodegradation of 4-nitrophenol over B-doped TiO2 nanostructure: effect of dopant concentration, kinetics, and mechanism

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Abstract

The 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) is one of the carcinogenic pollutants listed by US EPA and has been detected in industrial wastewater. This study investigates the photocatalytic degradation of 4-NP with TiO2 and boron (B)-doped TiO2 nanostructures. The degradation on undoped and B-doped TiO2 with various boron loadings (1–7%) was studied to establish a relationship between structure, interface, and photo-catalytic properties. The results of XRD, micro Raman, FTIR, and HRTEM show that the B doping has improved the crystallinity and induces rutile phase along with anatase (major phase). The N2 adsorption-desorption, SEM-EDX, and XPS indicated that the B induced the formation of mesoporous nanostructures in TiO2 and occupies interstitial sites by forming Ti-O-B type linkage. The surface area of pure TiO2 was decreased from 235.4 to 63.3 m2/g in B-TiO2. The photo-physical properties were characterized by UV-Vis DRS, which showed decrease in the optical band-gap of pure TiO2 (2.98 eV) to B-TiO2 (2.95 eV). The degradation results demonstrated that the B doping improved the photocatalytic activity of TiO2; however, this improvement depends on the B concentration in doped TiO2. B-doped TiO2 (> 5% B) showed 90 % degradation of 4-NP, whereas the undoped TiO2 can degrade only 79 % of 4-NP. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with rate constant values of 0.006 min-1 and 0.0322 min-1 for pure TiO2 and B-TiO2 respectively. The existence of a reduced form of Ti3+ on the surface of TiO2 (as evidence from XPS) was found responsible for enhancement in photocatalytic activity.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Dr. R. K. Singh, Indian Institute of Petroleum, CSIR, Dehradun, for providing assistance in UV-Vis DRS and FTIR study. Author Vandana Yadav is thankful to University Grants Commission for her doctoral grant (NFO-2015-17-OBC-UTT-29056) which provided the impetus needed to carry out this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India

    Vandana Yadav, Priyanka Verma & Vipin Kumar Saini

  2. Department of Physics, Doon University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India

    Himani Sharma

  3. Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore

    Sudhiranjan Tripathy

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  1. Vandana Yadav
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  2. Priyanka Verma
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Yadav, V., Verma, P., Sharma, H. et al. Photodegradation of 4-nitrophenol over B-doped TiO2 nanostructure: effect of dopant concentration, kinetics, and mechanism. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 10966–10980 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06674-x

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