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The effects of deforestation and urbanization on sustainable growth in Asian countries

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Abstract

This study aims to determine the effects of deforestation, economic growth, and urbanization on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions levels in the South and Southeast Asian (SSEA) regions for the 1990–2014 period. The data was divided into five sub-panels. Three of them are income-based groups (namely low-, middle- and high-income panels), and the remaining two are South and Southeast Asian regions. The Pedroni cointegration test confirms a long-run relationship between deforestation, economic growth, urbanization, and CO2 emissions in the SSEA regions. Further, empirical results reveal the existence of a U-shaped relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth for all panels (excepting low-income countries). This means that these countries can grow in a sustainable path, but they must be aware of long-term risks of this economic growth, as this sustainable path could be compromised when reaching the turning point of the “U”. Moreover, our results suggest that deforestation and urbanization can aggravate environmental pollution in these regions and can further affect sustainable development in the long run. Besides, the most appropriate and cost-effective method to minimize CO2 emissions is found to be through the improvement of forest activities.

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Notes

  1. Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Maldives, Iran, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka

  2. Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar, Laos, and Brunei Darussalam

  3. Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Maldives, Iran, Bhutan and Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar, Laos, and Brunei Darussalam

  4. Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Laos, and Cambodia

  5. India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Bhutan, Vietnam, and Philippines

  6. Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei Darussalam, Iran, and Maldives

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Funding

This work was financially supported by the research unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policy (UID/CPO/04058/2019), funded by national funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. GOVCOPP-Research Unit in Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policy, and DEGEIT-Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

    Zeeshan Arshad, Margarita Robaina & Anabela Botelho Veloso

  2. School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China

    Muhammad Shahbaz

  3. Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Muhammad Shahbaz

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  1. Zeeshan Arshad
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  2. Margarita Robaina
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  3. Muhammad Shahbaz
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  4. Anabela Botelho Veloso
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Correspondence to Zeeshan Arshad.

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Appendix

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Fig. 1
figure 1

Forest area per thousand persons

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Table 8 Descriptive statistics and correlation matrix
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Table 9 Unit root analysis
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Arshad, Z., Robaina, M., Shahbaz, M. et al. The effects of deforestation and urbanization on sustainable growth in Asian countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 10065–10086 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07507-7

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