Enhancing interface bonding strength of Ti-ZrO2 joints using graphene as brazing materials
Introduction
With the remarkable synergy of titanium and zirconia, Ti-ZrO2 materials have been bursting out enormously potential biomedical and electronic applications, such as bone transplantation and encapsulation of electronic devices [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. However, poor interface bonding strength between titanium and zirconia hinders these promising applications on account of the reaction between titanium and zirconia which happens easily at high temperature, possibly causing interfacial phases such as TiO2 and ZrTiO4, which results in a negligible joints strength [4], [5], [6]. As Correia et al. proposed, diffusion bonding is an appealing choice for enhancing interface strength in Ti-ZrO2 materials [4]. The formation of TiO2 and ZrTiO4 implies an intensive interdiffusion between Ti and ZrO2 [5] which however deteriorates the joint strength. Therefore, achieving a proper diffusion to avoid the formation of interfacial phases would be a feasible strategy for improving joints strength. Bearing these in mind, we utilized a scheme of brazing zirconia to titanium with a graphene interlayer which has good affinity with both [7], [8], so as to control the diffusion. Compared with other carbon forms, graphene is nonporous and two-dimensional layered with high specific surface, which is conducive to covering much more contact surface under the same carbon consumption, and avoiding the direct contact between Ti and ZrO2.
Section snippets
Experimental
3 mol% Y2O3-stabilized zirconia (3Y-TZP) discs in dimension of Φ60 mm × 2 mm (34.3 g), with a nominal composition of >99.9 wt% ZrO2 + HfO2 + Y2O3, 5.2 wt% Y2O3, <0.01 wt% Fe2O3, <0.02 wt% SiO2, <0.04 wt% Na2O (Feifan Ceramic Co., China), consisting of 83.6 vol% tetragonal ZrO2 (t-ZrO2) and 16.4 vol% monoclinic ZrO2 (m-ZrO2), were well polished. Titanium discs of Φ60 mm × 2.5 mm (31.8 g) showing a nominal composition of 99.9 wt% Ti, 0.03 wt% Fe, 0.05 wt% O, 0.01 wt% N, 0.005 wt% C, 0.005 wt% H
Results and discussions
Interfaces with enough strength for cross-sectional metallographic preparation were obtained only at GS joints. However, negligible bonding strengths were observed in TZ joints, similar with the previous work [4]. Additionally, a change in the color of zirconia in both types of joints from white to black, indicates oxygen diffusion from ZrO2 into Ti, causing black oxygen-deficient zirconia (ZrO2−x) [9].
From Fig. 2(a, b), the generation of monoclinic TiO2 (PDF#48-1278) and ZrTiO4 hindering
Conclusions
Graphene sponge interlayer was inserted into Ti-ZrO2 joint to improve the poor interfacial bonding. After the interlayer doping, the only existence of α-Ti solid solution and t-ZrO2−x at interface indicated that the strong diffusion between titanium and zirconia had been retarded. Decomposition of graphene sponge interlayer at high temperature provides carbon sources and plays the role of anti-diffusion barrier for titanium and zirconia interdiffusion. A preferred diffusion bonding rather than
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Yong Xian: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - original draft. Xiaoshan Zhang: Investigation, Writing - review & editing. Yichao Ding: Data curation. Jing Wang: Validation. Hongyuan Huang: Visualization.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
The authors appreciate the financial support from Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (No. 2018JY0278) and Chunhui of Ministry of education project (No. Z2017064).
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