Full Length ArticleTwo-dimensional lamellar stacked (NH4)0.8V3O7·3.5H2O: A promising material with high dielectric properties and microwave absorption performance
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Nowadays, with the widely application of satellite communication, wideband electronic devices, the electromagnetic wave (EM) interference brings from the electronics and information technology become more and more serious. The development of advanced high performant electromagnetic wave absorber with wide absorption band, light density, low cost to alleviate the electromagnetic pollution has become more and more challenging [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10].
In recent decades, studies on two-dimensional (2D) graphene-related nano-structural materials have revealed that 2D materials exhibit excellent dielectric and microwave absorbing properties due to their large specific surfaces and good electrical properties [3], [8]. Especially on the graphene@Fe3O4@SiO2@NiO [8], the MoS2 [1], [2], [10], [11], the Ti3C2Tx [12], the MXene materials [9], [13], [14], [15] and VO2(M) [16]. The previous study indicated that the polarization degree of the sheet-like materials is significantly higher than that of the bulk counterparts, resulting in the higher microwave absorption performance directly. The decrease of dimension can effectively improve the microwave absorption performance of the material. Therefore, the design and preparation of 2D structural microwave absorbing materials are of great challenging both in fundamental research and applications, thus, is the focus of the current study.
VO2(M) undergoes a metal-semiconductor phase transition (MST) at 68 °C. When the temperature higher than 68 °C, VO2 will transit from monoclinic phase (M-phase) to rutile phase (R-phase). Accompanied by the MST, the infrared transmission of VO2(M) changed synchronously [20], [21], [22], [23]. The reversible phase transition of VO2-x (M) makes this material a promising infrared stealth material. Recently, our previous work has demonstrated that 2D VO2(M) is a high performance electromagnetic wave absorber [16]. Thus, the study of 2D structure vanadoxides is of great significance in developing novel infrared/radar stealth multi functional material. To synthesis of VO2(M) from NH4VO3/V2O5 with oxalic acid by hydrothermal method has been widely studied [17], [18], [19], intermediate phases, such as (NH4)2V4O9 [17], [22], NH4V4O10 [24], (NH4)0.5V2O5 [25], (NH4)0.6V2O5 [26], can be prepared by adjusting the content of reducing agent in reactants. Dong et al. [17], [22] found that the exist of NH4+ in the intermediate phase would improve the crystallization of VO2(M) products. Ma et al. [26] and Wang et al. [25] found that the ammonium vanadium oxide materials with a controlled morphology has good circulation characteristics and high capacity retention rate. The 2D structured of intermediate ammonium vanadium oxide has a similar structure with those of MoS2 and Mxene. Therefore, it can be inferred that the 2D structural Ammonium vanadium oxide materials could be a novel advanced microwave absorption materials.
In this work, 2D structured vanadium oxide intermediate was prepared by adjusting content of oxalic acid in the reaction system. The EDS, FT-IR, DSC&TG and XPS were used to analyze the products. The main phase of the vanadium oxide intermediate was determined to be (NH4)0.8V3O7·3.5H2O by XRD skill. The electromagnetic wave absorption properties of the products were investigated systematically.
Section snippets
Synthesis
2.34 g of ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) powders was added to 60 mL of deionized water. After sonicating for 15 min, oxalic acid powders (H2C2O4·2H2O) was added into the suspension under vigorous stirring at room temperature (RT), where the molar ratio of NH4VO3 and H2C2O4·2H2O is 1:1 and 1:1.25 respectively. Then the prepared solution was transferred into a teflon-lined autoclave (100 mL capacity), which was sealed and maintained at 180 °C for 48 h, then air-cooling to RT. The resulting blue
Phase composition and morphology analysis
Fig. 2 are the morphologies of samples synthesized with different mole ratio of NH4VO3 and H2C2O4·2H2O. Fig. 2(a)&(b) and Fig. 2(c)&(d) are the morphologies of samples prepared under the mole ratio of NH4VO3 and H2C2O4·2H2O of 1:1 and 1:1.25, respectively. We found that only in range of these content ratios the morphology of the products has 2D structures. Below 1:1 the morphology of the products is of small spherical-like grains, above 1:25 the morphology of the products is of laminar with
Conclusion
A new lamellar stacked structure (NH4)0.8V3O7·3.5H2O obtained by hydrothermal method with adjusting the content of oxalic acid in reactants. The results show that the lamellar stacked (NH4)0.8V3O7·3.5H2O is an excellent microwave absorber. When the molar ratio of NH4VO3 and H2C2O4·2H2O is 1:1, the prepared sample has a minimum RL value of −34.479 dB at 5 mm but a effective absorption bandwidth (RL < −10 dB) of 2.793 GHz (10.151–12.944 GHz) at 2.5 mm. When the the molar ratio of reactants is
Author contribution
Chen Yan performed the microwave performance study of sample. Xiuchen Chao performed XPS and Infrared study of samples. Li Xiang guided experiments and data analysis, finalized articles. Cheng Xingwang performed structure study of samples. Liu Jiping performed Dielectric properties analysis of samples.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
We thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China, China (Grand No. 11474019) for financial support.
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