Morphology dependent activity of PbS nanostructures for electrochemical sensing of dopamine
Graphical abstract
PbS micro-nanostructures exhibit morphology dependent activity, show favourable electrocatalytic activity and offer effective platform for electrochemical sensing of dopamine.
Introduction
Lead sulfide is an interesting semiconductor and an ideal material for studying quantum size due to narrow direct band gap (0.41 eV for bulk), large exciton Bohr radius (18 nm), strong quantum confinement and high carrier mobility [1]. It is a promising material useful for various applications such as optoelectronics catalysis, sensing and biological applications [2]. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter and has a great influence on the central nervous, renal, hormonal and cardiovascular systems [3]. Abnormal levels of dopamine may result in a variety of diseases, such as schizophrenia, Huntington's disease, Parkinson’s disease, and dementia [4]. Detection of dopamine and monitoring its concentrations helps in early diagnosis of diseases and this calls for development of selective and sensitive sensing techniques. Dopamine is electrochemically active (oxidizable) hence, use of electrochemical sensors is an effective option for sensing of dopamine [5]. It has many advantages such as low cost, easy operation, fast, low detection limit, high sensitivity and selectivity over other methods [3], [6] Although, various modified electrodes have been employed to enhance the voltammetric selectivity and sensitivity towards dopamine determination, it is still attractive to develop novel materials for sensitive determination of dopamine. In the present study attempts have been made to demonstrate morphology dependent electrocatalytic activity of PbS nanostructure for dopamine sensing using cyclic voltammetry (CV).
Section snippets
Reagents used
Lead acetate dihydrate, thiourea, ethylene glycol, phosphate buffer solution (PBS) (pH 7), potassium ferricyanide K3[Fe(CN)6]), potassium chloride, dopamine (Aldrich®, 99%), methanol, ethanol and Millipore® water. All the chemicals were used as received (Rankem, 99%), except methanol (distilled).
Synthesis of PbS nanostructures
PbS nanostructures were synthesized by thermal decomposition approach as per report [2]. Lead acetate and thiourea were dissolved in minimum amount of ethylene glycol (~2mL) and then added to preheated
Structural & morphological studies
Fig. 2a shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of S2-5 and S2-180, field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) images are shown in the insets. The XRD patterns of all the samples match with cubic PbS (JCPDS No. 78-1901). The peaks at 2θ values of 25.98°, 30.10°, 43.10°, 51.02°, 53.47°, 62.59°, 68.95°, 71.01° and 79.02° are attributed to (111), (200), (220), (311), (222), (400), (331), (420) and (422) reflections, respectively. The crystallite size of PbS was calculated using
Conclusion
PbS dendrites exhibit enhanced redox current, reduced peak potential, well-defined and stable redox wave which indicate high electrocatalytic activity towards dopamine. PbS nanocubes show poor electrochemical response with reduced redox current and high peak potential. The variance in the electrocatalytic activity of dendrites and nanocubes towards oxidation of dopamine, is attributed to smaller crystallite size and high surface area of dendrites. The results suggest that PbS nanoparticles
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Rama Gaur: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Validation, Investigation, Writing - review & editing, Visualization.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Prof. P. Jeevanandam, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, for his guidance and Institute Instrumentation Centre, IIT Roorkee for the instrumental facilities.
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