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Spill-back events followed by self-sustainment explain the fast colonization of a newly built marina by a notorious invasive seaweed

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Abstract

Biological invasions are occurring at increasing rates since the onset of the twentieth century. While ports and marinas have been identified as a major point-of-entry for the spread of marine non-indigenous species (NIS), their relationships with wild habitats however needs further scrutiny. We had the rare opportunity to monitor the real-time colonization dynamics of a newly-built marina by the notorious invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida in the Bay-of-Morlaix, Brittany (France). Field surveys (> 20,000 individuals geo-localized) were combined with genetic analyses (10 microsatellite loci, N = 890 individuals) over 3 years (i.e., 6 generations in the study area). Regarding the colonization dynamics, a dramatic snow-ball effect was documented over time, with local density reaching up to 50 individuals per m after 2 years. Assignment tests showed that the primary colonizers came from neighboring populations established in natural rocky reefs. A shift towards a self-sustaining population was however observed the following year, with 44% of self-assignment. These processes are best explained by (i) life history traits, notably rapid growth and selfing, and (ii) natural dispersal within the marina combined with human-mediated dispersal—through leisure boating- over longer distances. Spill-over effects have been previously documented, and here also reported, to explain the expansion of U. pinnatifida from marinas to the wild. We showed that the on-going ocean sprawl also offers a perfect arena for spill-back events (i.e., spread from natural habitats to artificial structures), highlighting the need for careful surveillance of newly built infrastructures.

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Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the divers the Marine Operations Department (Service Mer & Plongée) of the Roscoff Marine Biological Station (Mathieu Camusat, Yann Fontana, Wilfried Thomas), Caroline Broudin, Ronan Garnier, Sarah Bouchemousse for their help during field surveys and sampling. The authors are also grateful to the marina Director (Frédéric Boccou) and to Patrick Podeur from the Biocéan company who allowed us to conduct these surveys and sampling in the marina and the farm, respectively. We are most grateful to the Biogenouest Genomer core facility for its technical support. This work benefited from the support of the French National Research Agency (ANR) with regards to the IDEALG project (ANR-10-BTBR-04).

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  1. Mathilde Salamon

    Present address: Départment des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre–Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada

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  1. Sorbonne Université, CNRS Lab. Adaptation and Diversity in Marine Environments (UMR 7144, CNRS SU), Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place G.Teissier, 29680, Roscoff, France

    Mathilde Salamon, Marion Ballenghien & Frédérique Viard

  2. Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche (FR 2424 CNRS SU), Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place G.Teissier, 29680, Roscoff, France

    Laurent Lévêque

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Salamon, M., Lévêque, L., Ballenghien, M. et al. Spill-back events followed by self-sustainment explain the fast colonization of a newly built marina by a notorious invasive seaweed. Biol Invasions 22, 1411–1429 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-02193-5

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