Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films were electrodeposited by cyclic voltammetry on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in aqueous solution. Three kinds of supporting electrolytes were used, viz. graphene oxide (GO), phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and GO in PBS, respectively. The surface morphology of the modified electrodes was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical performance of the modified electrodes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy by using the hexacyanoferrate redox system. The results demonstrate that the PEDOT-GO/GCE, which was electropolymerized in aqueous solutions containing EDOT and GO, shows the best electrochemical activities compared with other modified electrodes. The electrochemical behaviors of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The PEDOT-GO/GCE exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic activities towards these important biomolecules. Under physiological pH conditions and in the mixed system of AA, DA and UA, the modified GCE exhibits the following figures of merit: (a) a linear voltammetric response in the concentration ranges of 100–1000 μM for AA, 6.0–200 μM for DA, and 40–240 μM for UA; (b) well separated oxidation peaks near 31, 213 and 342 mV (vs. saturated Ag/AgCl) for AA, DA and UA, respectively; and (c) detection of limits (at S/N = 3) of 20, 2.0 and 10 μM. The results demonstrate that GO, based on its relatively large number of anionic sites, can be used as the sole weak electrolyte and charge balance dopant for the preparation of functionally doped conducting polymers by electrodeposition.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hui Y, Bian C, Xia S, Tong J, Wang J (2018) Synthesis and electrochemical sensing application of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-based materials: a review. Anal Chim Acta 1022:1–19
Irvin JA, Reynolds JR (1998) Low-oxidation-potential conducting polymers: alternating substituted Para-phenylene and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene repeat units. Polymer 39:2339–2347
Naseri M, Fotouhi L, Ehsani A (2018) Recent progress in the development of conducting polymer-based nanocomposites for electrochemical biosensors applications: a mini-review. Chem Rec 18:599–618
Zanardi C, Terzi F, Seeber R (2013) Polythiophenes and polythiophene-based composites in amperometric sensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 405:509–531
Yoon H, Chang M, Jang J (2007) Formation of 1D poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanomaterials in reverse microemulsions and their application to chemical sensors. Adv Funct Mater 17:431–436
Zuo Y, Xu J, Zhu X, Duan X, Lu L, Gao Y, Xing H, Yang T, Ye G, Yu Y (2016) Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanorods/graphene oxide nanocomposite as a new electrode material for the selective electrochemical detection of mercury (II). Synth Met 220:14–19
Spain E, Keyes TE, Forster RJ (2013) DNA sensor based on vapour polymerised pedot films functionalised with gold nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 41:65–70
Xu G, Wang W, Li B, Luo Z, Luo X (2014) A dopamine sensor based on a carbon paste electrode modified with DNA-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Microchim Acta 182:679–685
Groenendaal L, Jonas F, Freitag D, Pielartzik H, Reynolds JR (2000) Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and its derivatives: past, present, and future. Adv Mater 12:481–494
Li Y, Lin H, Peng H, Qi R, Luo C (2016) A glassy carbon electrode modified with MoS2 nanosheets and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) for simultaneous electrochemical detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid. Microchim Acta 183:2517–2523
Lin P, Chai F, Zhang R, Xu G, Fan X, Luo X (2016) Electrochemical synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with gold nanoparticles, and its application to nitrite sensing. Microchim Acta 183:1235–1241
Cui M, Song Z, Wu Y, Guo B, Fan X, Luo X (2016) A highly sensitive biosensor for tumor maker alpha fetoprotein based on poly(ethylene glycol) doped conducting polymer PEDOT. Biosens Bioelectron 79:736–741
Liu K, Zhang J, Liu Q, Huang H (2013) Electrochemical immunosensor for alpha-fetoprotein determination based on ZnSe quantum dots/azure I/gold nanoparticles/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) modified Pt electrode. Electrochim Acta 114:448–454
Xu G, Li B, Cui XT, Ling L, Luo X (2013) Electrodeposited conducting polymer PEDOT doped with pure carbon nanotubes for the detection of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid. Sensor Actuat B-Chem 188:405–410
Lu L, Zhang O, Xu J, Wen Y, Duan X, Yu H, Wu L, Nie T (2013) A facile one-step redox route for the synthesis of graphene/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanocomposite and their applications in biosensing. Sensor Actuat B-Chem 181:567–574
Hatchett DW, Josowicz M (2008) Composites of intrinsically conducting polymers as sensing nanomaterials. Chem Rev 108:746–769
Song Y, Luo Y, Zhu C, Li H, Du D, Lin Y (2016) Recent advances in electrochemical biosensors based on graphene two-dimensional nanomaterials. Biosens Bioelectron 76:195–212
Park S, Ruoff RS (2009) Chemical methods for the production of graphenes. Nat Nanotechnol 4:217–224
Wang W, Xu G, Cui XT, Sheng G, Luo X (2014) Enhanced catalytic and dopamine sensing properties of electrochemically reduced conducting polymer nanocomposite doped with pure graphene oxide. Biosens Bioelectron 58:153–156
Wang W, Wang W, Davis JJ, Luo X (2015) Ultrasensitive and selective voltammetric aptasensor for dopamine based on a conducting polymer nanocomposite doped with graphene oxide. Microchim Acta 182:1123–1129
Hui N, Wang W, Xu G, Luo X (2015) S Graphene oxide doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) modified with copper nanoparticles for high performance nonenzymatic sensing of glucose. J Mater Chem B 3:556–561
Zhang D, Li L, Ma W, Chen X, Zhang Y (2017) Electrodeposited reduced graphene oxide incorporating polymerization of l-lysine on electrode surface and its application in simultaneous electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid. Mat Sci Eng C-Mater 70:241–249
Chen X, Li D, Ma W, Yang T, Zhang Y, Zhang D (2019) Preparation of a glassy carbon electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide and overoxidized electropolymerized polypyrrole, and its application to the determination of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid. Microchim Acta 186:407
Liu X, Zhang L, Wei S, Chen S, Ou X, Lu Q (2014) Overoxidized polyimidazole/graphene oxide copolymer modified electrode for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid, guanine and adenine. Biosens Bioelectron 57:232–238
Manivel P, Dhakshnamoorthy M, Balamurugan A, Ponpandian N, Mangalaraj D, Viswanathan C (2013) Conducting polyaniline-graphene oxide fibrous nanocomposites: preparation, characterization and simultaneous electrochemical detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid. RSC Adv 3:14428–14437
Vreeland RF, Atcherley CW, Russell WS, Xie JY, Lu D, Laude ND, Porreca F, Heien ML (2015) Biocompatible PEDOT:Nafion composite electrode coatings for selective detection of neurotransmitters in vivo. Anal Chem 87:2600–2607
Zhang D, Fu L, Liao L, Liu N, Dai B, Zhang C (2012) Preparation, characterization, and application of electrochemically functional graphene nanocomposites by one-step liquid-phase exfoliation of natural flake graphite with methylene blue. Nano Res 5:875–887
Bard AJ, Faulkner LR (2001) Electrochemical methods: fundamentals and applications. Wiley, New York
Zhang D, Fu L, Liao L, Dai B, Zou R, Zhang C (2012) Electrochemically functional graphene nanostructure and layer-by-layer nanocomposite incorporating adsorption of electroactive methylene blue. Electrochim Acta 75:71–79
Lin KC, Tsai TH, Chen SM (2010) Performing enzyme-free H2O2 biosensor and simultaneous determination for AA, DA, and UA by MWCNT-PEDOT film. Biosens Bioelectron 26:608–614
Yang L, Liu D, Huang J, You T (2014) Simultaneous determination of dopamine, ascorbic acid and uric acid at electrochemically reduced graphene oxide modified electrode. Sensor Actuat B-Chem 193:166–172
Tukimin N, Abdullah J, Sulaiman Y (2018) Electrodeposition of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/reduced graphene oxide/manganese dioxide for simultaneous detection of uric acid, dopamine and ascorbic acid. J Electroanal Chem 820:74–81
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21305106) and Shaanxi Province Natural Science Foundation of China (No.2019JM-469).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOC 2493 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, D., Liu, M., Zhan, Y. et al. Electrodeposited poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with graphene oxide for the simultaneous voltammetric determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid. Microchim Acta 187, 94 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-4083-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-4083-4