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Patterns of Denitrification Potential in Tidal Freshwater Forested Wetlands

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Abstract

Limited evidence for spatial patterns of denitrification in tidal freshwater forested wetlands (TFFWs), seemingly due to high spatial variability in the process, is surprising considering the various spatial gradients of its biogeochemical and hydrogeomorphic controls in these ecosystems. Because certain physical environmental gradients may be useful for the prediction of denitrification in TFFWs, we measured denitrification and ecosystem attributes in hummock-hollow microtopography of TFFWs along longitudinal riverine positions (upper, middle, and lower tidal river sites, and nearby upstream nontidal forested floodplains) of the adjoining Pamunkey and Mattaponi Rivers, Virginia. We tested differences by river, site, and plot in denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) and substrate limitations of denitrification potential (DP). The Pamunkey River carries greater river nitrate concentrations, and we found less nitrate limitation of DP and greater soil nitrate in hollows of this river. DEA in tidal hummocks was positively correlated with soil organic matter, nitrogen, and carbon, with the highest rates in lower tidal sites. Hummocks also promoted greater oxygen-controlled substrate limitation of DP, whereby experimental aeration stimulated DP under subsequent inundation more in hummocks than hollows. Additionally, tidal sites had greater DEA than nontidal sites, inferred to be caused by a combination of higher moisture, organic, and nutrient content. Our results indicate that the increasing nitrogen concentrations in these rivers will increase denitrification more on the Mattaponi River by alleviating its greater nitrogen limitation compared to the Pamunkey River, and modification to sedimentation, inundation, or microtopography from sea level rise may alter denitrification gradients in TFFWs and upstream low-elevation nontidal floodplains.

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Acknowledgements

Funding was provided by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Quality Program, USGS Climate Research and Development Program, and the Provost’s Office at George Mason University. Authors are grateful for support and assistance from Changwoo Ahn, Jaimie Gillespie, Kelly Floro, Mario Martin-Alciati, Mike Doughten, Cliff Hupp, Tracie Spencer, Natalie Hall, Roslyn Cress, and Anthony Doane, and the input on the manuscript from Chris Swarzenski and anonymous reviewers. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

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  1. Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA

    Alicia R. Korol

  2. Hydrological-Ecological Interactions Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 430 National Center, Reston, VA, 20192, USA

    Gregory B. Noe

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Korol, A.R., Noe, G.B. Patterns of Denitrification Potential in Tidal Freshwater Forested Wetlands. Estuaries and Coasts 43, 329–346 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00663-6

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