Abstract
Mexico ranks fourth worldwide for its number of species of vascular plants; however, insufficient area has been marked for conservation as Protected Natural Areas (PNAs); 176 PNAs represent 12% of the total surface and encompass only a small portion of the Mexican endemic species. Strategies for setting up conservation zones are often based on identifying biodiversity hotspots to preserve the maximum number of species with the most efficient use of funds. Here we used the richness analysis by grid method based on herbarium specimens to locate zones with a high richness of Cosmos taxa (species and their varieties). Because this approach can lead to omission error, we also obtained an Ecological Niche Model (ENM) for each Cosmos taxon to perform a richness analysis by grid and locate sites with suitable conditions for supporting the most Cosmos taxa. We conducted a panbiogeographic analysis to locate biogeographical nodes, sites of great geobiotic complexity. Western Mexico was thus identified as the highest priority for Cosmos conservation; it has the greatest richness and most suitable conditions for Cosmos and has great biotic complexity. Although one of the largest Mexican PNAs is located in this region, some species with restricted distribution do not occur within this Protected Natural Area (PNA); therefore, a southwest extension of this PNA is proposed.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) for the financing of this work through Project number 80200. GVA and ACC express gratitude to CONACyT for scholarships 228901 and 229039, respectively. The authors acknowledge the help of the staff of the herbaria consulted. Information obtained from the Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI), Global Climate Data (WorldClim), Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT), Southwest Environmental Information Network and World (SEINet) and Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) through their online pages was fundamental for the development of this work. The authors acknowledge Tom Wendt and Amber Schoneman, of the University of Texas herbarium for providing the Cosmos database of the exsiccata. We thanks Beth E. Hazen and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript.
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GVA, JLV and AR designed the study; GVA, ACC, MH, JLV, EO and AR collected the data; GVA and EO performed the analyses; GVA and MEVA prepared the figures; GVA, ACC, MEVA, JLV and AR interpreted the results and wrote the manuscript; all authors contributed to the discussion.
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Communicated by Daniel Sanchez Mata.
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Vargas-Amado, G., Castro-Castro, A., Harker, M. et al. Western Mexico is a priority area for the conservation of Cosmos (Coreopsideae, Asteraceae), based on richness and track analysis. Biodivers Conserv 29, 545–569 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01898-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01898-2