Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Single phase flow of nanofluid including graphite and water in a microchannel

  • Original
  • Published:
Heat and Mass Transfer Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 21 August 2020

This article has been updated

Abstract

In this study, convective heat transfer performance of a nanofluids containing graphite is studied in an industrial microchannel. In the experiments, initially, to prepare nanofluids at the volume fraction values of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2%, distilled water has been employed as the base liquid. To provide sedimentation and stabilization of nanofluids in distilled water, Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is utilized as surfactant. Thermophysical properties of nanofluids such as thermal conductivity, dynamic viscosity, and specific heat are determined experimentally. Furthermore, by building an experimental setup, in the temperature range of 20–30 °C and with temperature intervals of 2 °C, performance experiments are carried out in a microchannel of which hydraulic diameter is 1.6 × 10−3 m. Additionally, experiments have been conducted using nanofluids at different volumetric rates from 1 to 7 l min−1, heat fluxes from 100 to 1100 W, and volume fractions from 0.5 to 2%. Measuring heat flux, temperature, and flow rate, outcomes such as convective heat transfer coefficient, Reynolds number, and Nusselt number are calculated. The validation process of the experimental results has been performed by plotting the figures of Nusselt numbers vs Reynolds ones, and heat transfer coefficient vs supplied heat considering distilled water and nanofluids having various volumetric proportions. Regarding with the performance of nanofluids against distilled water under similar operating conditions, some proportional positive increase are acquired. Using outcomes attained from experiments, new correlations for Nusselt number have been derived with the R2 values around 0.96, and afterward by means of those correlations experimental data have been compared with those in the literature. A large number of measured and calculated data are given in the paper for other researchers to validate their theoretical models.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

  • 21 August 2020

    The affiliation of the sixth author

Abbreviations

m:

Volumetric flow rate (lt min−1)

μ:

Dynamic viscosity (kg m−1 s−1)

Ac :

Fin cross sectional area (m2)

CMOS:

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor

cp :

Specific heat at constant pressure (J kg−1 K−1)

D:

Circular diameter (m)

Dh :

Hydraulic diameter (m)

g:

Gravitational constant (m s−2)

G:

Mass flow (kg m−2 s−1)

h:

Convection heat transfer coefficient (W m−2 K−1)

Hch :

Channel height (m)

Hfin :

Fin height (m)

I:

Current (Amper)

k:

Thermal conductivity coefficient (W m−1 K−1)

k:

Heat transfer coefficient of the fin material (W m−1 K−1)

Lch :

Micro channel length (m)

MAPE:

Mean absolute percent error (%)

MCHS:

Microchannel heat exchanger

MEMS:

Micro electro-mechanical systems

MEPCM:

Micro encapsulated phase change material

N:

Number of channels

P:

Electrical power (W)

p:

Fin element circumference (m)

R:

Electrical resistance (Ω)

Pr:

Prandtl number

Re:

Reynolds number

SDy :

Standard deviation of the dependent variable

SDx1 :

Standard deviation value of variable x1

SDx2 :

Standard deviation value of variable x2

QT :

Total heat power (kW)

qw :

Heat flux (kW m−2)

Ts :

Surface temperature (°C)

U:

uncertainty

V:

Voltage (Volt)

Wch :

Channel thickness (m)

Wfin :

Fin thickness (m)

δtc :

Distance from thermocouple to the channel base (m)

Y:

Multiple regression equation

η:

Fin efficiency

ρ:

Density (kg m−3)

σs :

Surface tension in water capillary pipes (N m−1)

φ:

Volume fraction of nanofluid (%)

tC :

Thermocouple

vol:

Volume fraction

x 1 :

Independent variable for vol [%] Volume Fraction

x 2 :

Independent variable for reynolds Number

x 3 :

Independent variable for prandtl Number

x 4 :

Independent variable for dynamic viscosity of liquid

c:

Constant number

r y, x1 :

Correlation between x1 and y.

r y, x2 :

Correlation between x2 and y.

r x1, x2 :

Correlation between x1 and x2.

β 1 :

The change in Y for each 1 increment change in x1

β 2 :

The change in Y for each 1 increment change in x2

β 3 :

The change in Y for each 1 increment change in x3

β 4 :

The change in Y for each 1 increment change in x4

ave:

Average

b:

Base

Ch:

Channel

cor:

Correlation

exp:

Experimental

f:

Liquid

h:

Power

nf:

Nanofluids

T:

Total

References

  1. Tuckerman DB, Pease RFW (1981) High–performance heat sinking for VLSI, IEEE Electron. Device Letters, EDL-2, 126–129

  2. Wu HY, Cheng P (2003) An experimental study of convective heat transfer in silicon microchannels with different surface conditions. Int J Heat Mass Transf 46:2547–2556

    Google Scholar 

  3. Lee PS, Garimella SV, Liu D (2005) Investigation of heat transfer in rectangular microchannels. Int J Heat Mass Transf 48:1688–1704

    Google Scholar 

  4. Baviere R, Favre-Marinet M, Person SL (2006) Bias effects on heat transfer measurements in microchannel flows. Int J Heat Mass Transf 49:3325–3337

    Google Scholar 

  5. Shen S, Xu JL, Zhou JJ, Chen Y (2006) Flow and heat transfer in microchannels with rough wall surface. Energy Convers Manag 47:1311–1325

    Google Scholar 

  6. Wei X, Joshi Y (2007) Experimental and numerical study of sidewall profile effects on flow and heat transfer inside microchannels. Int J Heat Mass Transf 50:4640–4651

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Park HS, Punch J (2008) Friction factor and heat transfer in multiple microchannels with uniform flow distribution. Int J Heat Mass Transf 51:4535–4543

    Google Scholar 

  8. Jung JY, Oh HS, Kwak HY (2009) Forced convective heat transfer of nanofluids in microchannels. Int J Heat Mass Transf 52:466–472

    Google Scholar 

  9. Ergu BO, Sara ON, Yapıcı S, Arzutug ME (2009) Pressure drop and point mass transfer in a rectangular microchannel. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 36:618–623

    Google Scholar 

  10. Garcia-Hernando N, Acosta-Iborra A, Ruiz-Rivas U, Izquierdo M (2009) Experimental investigation of fluid flow and heat transfer in a single-phase liquid flow. Int J Heat Mass Transf 52:5433–5446

    Google Scholar 

  11. Chiu HC, Jang JH, Yeh HW, Wu MS (2011) The heat transfer characteristics of liquid cooling heatsink containing microchannels. Int J Heat Mass Transf 54:34–42

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Mohammadpoor M, Sabbaghi S, Zerafat MM, Manafi Z (2019) Investigating heat transfer properties of copper nanofluid in ethylene glycol synthesized through single and two-step routes. Int J Refrig 99:243–250

    Google Scholar 

  13. Sarafraz MM, Arjomandi M (2018) Demonstration of plausible application of gallium nano-suspension in microchannel solar thermal receiver: Experimental assessment of thermohydraulic performance of microchannel. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 94:39–46

    Google Scholar 

  14. Esmaili Q, Ranjbar AA, Porkhial S (2018) Experimental analysis of heat transfer in ribbed microchannel. Int J Therm Sci 130:140–147

    Google Scholar 

  15. Dong S, Jiang H, Xie Y, Wang X, Hu Z, Wang J (2019) Experimental investigation on boiling heat transfer characteristics of Al2O3-water nanofluids in swirl microchannels subjected to an acceleration force. Chin J Aeronaut

  16. Zhao N, Qi C, Chen T, Tang J, Cui X (2019) Experimental study on influences of cylindrical grooves on thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency and entropy generation of CPU cooled by nanofluids. Int J Heat Mass Transf 135:16–32

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ho CJ, Liao JC, Li CH, Yan WM, Amani M (2019) Experimental study of cooling performance of water-based alumina nanofluid in a minichannel heat sink with MEPCM layer embedded in its ceiling. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 103:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bowers J, Cao H, Qiao G, Li Q, Zhang G, Mura E, Ding Y (2018) Flow and heat transfer behaviour of nanofluids in microchannels. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 28:225–234

    Google Scholar 

  19. Simsek E, Coskun S, Ozyurt TO, Unalan HE (2018) Heat transfer enhancement by silver nanowire suspensions in microchannel heat sinks. Int J Therm Sci 123:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  20. Foo ZH, Cheng KX, Goh AL, Ooi KT (2018) Single-phase convective heat transfer performance of wavy microchannels in macro geometry. Appl Therm Eng 141:675–687

    Google Scholar 

  21. Sarafraz MM, Nikkhah V, Nakhjavani M, Arya A (2018) Thermal performance of a heat sink microchannel working with biologically produced silver-water nanofluid: Experimental assessment. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 91:509–519

    Google Scholar 

  22. Yiamsawasd T, Dalkilic AS, Wongwises S (2012) Measurement of the thermal conductivity of titania and alumina nanofluids. Thermochim Acta 545:48–56

    Google Scholar 

  23. Thiangtham P, Keepaiboon C, Kiatpachai P, Asirvatham LG, Mahianc O, Dalkilic AS, Wongwises S (2016) An experimental study on two-phase flow patterns and heat transfercharacteristics during boiling of R134a flowing through a multi-microchannel heat sink. Int J Heat Mass Transf 98:390–400

    Google Scholar 

  24. Kline SJ, McClintock FA (1953) Describing uncertainties in single sample experiments. Mech Eng 75:3–8

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kakac S, Pramuanjaroenkij A (2009) Review of convective heat transfer enhancement with nanofluids. Int J Heat Mass Transf 52:3187–3196

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. Sajadi AR, Kazemi MH (2011) Investigation of turbulent convective heat transfer and pressure drop of TiO2/water nanofluid in circular tube. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 38:1474–1478

    Google Scholar 

  27. Wu P, Little WA (1083) Measurement of friction factors for the flow of gases in very fine channels used for microminiature refrigerators. Cryogenics 24:273–277

    Google Scholar 

  28. Choi SB, Barron RF, Warrington RO (1991) Fluid flow and heat transfer in microtubes, Micromech. Sensors Actuators Systems ASME DSC 32:123–134

    Google Scholar 

  29. Yu D, Warrington R, Barron R, Ameel T (1995) An experimental and theoretical investigation of fluid flow and heat transfer in microtubes. Proceedings of ASME/JSME Thermal Engineering Joint Conference 1:523–530

    Google Scholar 

  30. Wang XL, Zhou P, Peng XF (2003) A fractal model for predicting the effective thermal conductivity of liquid with suspension of nanoparticles. Int J Heat Mass Transf 46:2665–2672

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  31. Nguyen CT, Gilles R, Christian G, Nicolas G (2007) Heat transfer enhancement using Al2O3-water nanofluid for an electronic liquid cooling system. Appl Therm Eng 27:1501–1506

    Google Scholar 

  32. Dittus FW, Boelter LMK (1930) Heat transfer in automobile radiator of the tubular type. University of California at Berkley Publication. Engineering 2:443–461

    Google Scholar 

  33. Hausen H (1943) Darstellung des warmeuberganges in Rohren durch verallge meinerte Potenzbeziehungen. Z VDI Beihefte Verfahrenstechnik 4:91–98

    Google Scholar 

  34. Gnielinski V (1976) New equations for heat and mass transfer in turbulent pipe and channel flow. Int Chem Eng 16:359–368

    Google Scholar 

  35. Kakac S, Shah RK, Aung W (1987) Handbook of Single – Phase Convective Heat Transfer. John Wiley and Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  36. Philips RJ (1987) Forced convection liquid cooled microchannel heat sinks, Msc. Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  37. Churchill SW, W S, Bernstein M (1977) A correlating equation for forced convection from gases and liquids to a circular cylinder in crossflow. ASME Journal of Heat Transfer 99:300–306

    Google Scholar 

  38. Asirvathama LG, Rajab B, Lal DM, Wongwises S (2011) Convective heat transfer of nanofluids with correlations. Particuology 9:626–631

    Google Scholar 

  39. Pak BC, Cho YI (1998) Hydrodynamic and heat transfer study of dispersed fluids with submicron metallic oxide particles. Experimental Heat Transfer 11:151–170

    Google Scholar 

  40. Sundar LS, Singh MK (2013) Convective heat transfer and friction factor correlations of nanofluid in a tube and with inserts: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 20:23–35

    Google Scholar 

  41. Vajjha RS, Das DK, Kulkarni DP (2010) Development of new correlations for convective heat transfer and friction factor in turbulent regime for nano- fluids. Int J Heat Mass Transf 53:4607–4618

    Google Scholar 

  42. Madhesh D, Parameshwaran R, Kalaiselvam S (2014) Experimental investigation on convective heat transfer and rheological characteristics of Cue TiO2 hybrid nanofluids. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 52:104–115

    Google Scholar 

  43. Nasrin R, Alim MA (2014) Semi-empirical relation for forced convective analysis through a solar collector. Sol Energy 105:455–467

    Google Scholar 

  44. Shah RK, London AL (1978) Laminar Flow Forced Convection in Ducts, Supplement 1 to Advances in Heat Transfer. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  45. Stephan K, Preußer P (1979) Warmeübergang und maximale warmestromdichte beim behaltersieden binarer und ternarer flüssigkeitsgemische. Chemie Ingenieur Technik 23:73–87

    Google Scholar 

  46. Jiang PX, Fan MH, Si GS, Ren ZP (2001) Thermal-hydraulic performance of small scale micro-channel and porous-media heat exchangers. Int J Heat Mass Transf 44:1039–1051

    Google Scholar 

  47. Xuan Y, Li Q, Hu W (2003) Aggregation Structure and Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids. AICHE J 49:1038–1043

    Google Scholar 

  48. Suresh S, Venkitaraj KP, Selvakumar P, Chandrasekar M (2012) Effect of Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid in heat transfer. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 38:54–60

    Google Scholar 

  49. Moraveji MK, Esmaeili E (2012) Comparison between single-phase and two phases CFD modeling of laminar forced convection flow of nanofluids in a circular tube under constant heat flux. International Communications in Heat Mass Transfer 39:1297–1302

    Google Scholar 

  50. Morini GL (2006) 2006, Scaling Effects for Liquid Flows in Microchannels. Heat Transfer Engineering 27:64–73

    Google Scholar 

  51. Dalkiliç AS, Mahian O, Yılmaz S, Sakamatapan K, Wongwises S (2017) Experimental investigation of single-phase turbulent flow of R-134a in a multiport microchannel heat sink. International Communications in Heat Mass Transfer 89:47–56

    Google Scholar 

  52. Tafarroj MM, Mahian O, Kasaeian A, Sakamatapan K, Dalkiliç AS, Wongwises S (2017) Artificial neural network modeling of nanofluid flow in a microchannel heat sink using experimental data. International Communications in Heat Mass Transfer 86:25–31

    Google Scholar 

  53. Keepaiboon C, Thiangtham P, Mahian O, Dalkiliç AS, Wongwises S (2016) Pressure drop characteristics of R134a during flow boiling in a single rectangular micro-channel. International Communications in Heat Mass Transfer 71:245–253

    Google Scholar 

  54. Thiangtham P, Keepaiboon C, Kiatpachai P, Asirvatham LG, Mahian O, Dalkiliç AS (2016) An experimental study on two-phase flow patterns and heat transfer characteristics during boiling of R134a flowing through a multi-microchannel heat sink. Int J Heat Mass Transf 98:390–400

    Google Scholar 

  55. Nitiapiruk P, Mahian O, Dalkiliç AS, Wongwises S (2013) Performance characteristics of a microchannel heat sink using TiO2/water nanofluid and different thermophysical model. International Communications in Heat Mass Transfer 47:98–104

    Google Scholar 

  56. Duangthongsuk W, Dalkiliç AS, Wongwises S (2012) Convective heat transfer of Al2O3-water nanofluids in a microchannel heat sink. Curr Nanosci 8:317–322

    Google Scholar 

  57. Dalkiliç AS (2014) A critical review on condensation heat transfer in microchannels and minichannels, Proceedings of the 15th International Heat Transfer Conference

  58. Awad M, Dalkiliç AS, Wongwises S (2015) A Critical Review on Condensation Pressure Drop in Microchannels and Minichannels. In: Heat Transfer Studies and Applications, Kazi S.N., Eds., INTECH Science Publishers Rijeka, 53–102

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study has been financially supported by Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Department, Project Number: FEB 2013/08-BAGEP. All authors also grateful for the Thailand Research Fund (TRF), the National Research University Project (NRU) and King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi through the “KMUTT 55th Anniversary Commemorative Fund”.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Natural Gas and Installation Technologies Program, Electric and Energy Department, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, 51240, Niğde, Turkey

    Oğuzhan Yıldız & Mustafa Bayrak

  2. Heat and Thermodynamics Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University (YTU), Yildiz, Besiktas, 34349, Istanbul, Turkey

    Özgen Açıkgöz & Ahmet Selim Dalkılıç

  3. Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Merkez, 51240, Niğde, Turkey

    Güldem Yıldız

  4. Fluid Mechanics, Thermal Engineering and Multiphase Flow Research Lab. (FUTURE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangmod, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand

    Somchai Wongwises

Authors
  1. Oğuzhan Yıldız
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Özgen Açıkgöz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Güldem Yıldız
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mustafa Bayrak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ahmet Selim Dalkılıç
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Somchai Wongwises
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ahmet Selim Dalkılıç.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yıldız, O., Açıkgöz, Ö., Yıldız, G. et al. Single phase flow of nanofluid including graphite and water in a microchannel. Heat Mass Transfer 56, 1–24 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-019-02663-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-019-02663-5

Search

Navigation