Skip to main content

Acute traumatic unilateral cervical C4–C5 facet dislocation in pediatric toddlers

Abstract

Background

The present study is to highlight the challenges in managing cervical spine injuries in toddlers (less than 4 years of age) without neurological deficit. Cases of unilateral cervical C4–C5 facet dislocation in toddlers are very rare.

Case presentation

A 3-year-old girl suffered cervical spine injury after a motor vehicle collision with unilateral C4–C5 facet dislocation without neurological deficit. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed no spinal cord injury, Frankel grade E. Initial management was cervical spine protection. Definite treatment and complication were discussed with the patient’s parents before closed reduction maneuver with minerva cast was applied under sedation. The patient showed no complication after closed reduction and the cervical spine had aligned well in radiographs. The minerva cast was removed at 8 weeks, at which point neck muscle stretching rehabilitation program started. At one-year follow up, the child was asymptomatic, had full active cervical motion and good function. In radiographs, the cervical spine had normal alignment and was healed.

Conclusions

Unilateral cervical facet dislocation in toddlers is very rare. Closed reduction maneuver and the minerva cast applied were optional in this case. The parents were highly satisfied with the effective treatment and outcome.

Peer Review reports

Background

Cervical spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities (SCIWORA) is more commonly seen in the pediatric age group than in adults. Incidences have been reported as 13–19% of spinal injuries in children [1,2,3,4]. However, the trauma of C3-C7 lower cervical area is especially seen in adolescence and the advanced childhood period. While lower cervical area trauma ratios are 20–30% in children under 9 years of age, this rises to 70–75% in adolescence and advanced childhood. In the study of McGrory et al. [5] Facet dislocations can be unilateral or bilateral. They generally develop in connection to the hyperflexion traumas accompanied by rotation. Patients show symptoms with reticular and/or spinal cord base findings. Compared with unilateral, bilateral facet dislocations are more unstable pathologies [6]. Even though diagnosis can be made by lateral radiography, computed tomography scan (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are necessary to finalize the diagnosis. In early diagnosis cases, reduction can be ensured by traction. In cases in which reduction is ensured, 2–4 months immobilization must be provided by halo or minerva orthosis. In cases where reduction cannot be ensured, reduction and fusion indication appears with anterior or posterior surgeries [6, 7]. Previously reviewed literature and reports showed unilateral cervical C4–C5 facet dislocation in toddlers is very rare and there are even less reports concerning the treatment process. The purpose of this study was to highlight the challenges in managing cervical spine injuries in toddlers (less than 4 years of age) without neurological deficit. Cases of unilateral cervical C4–C5 facet dislocation in toddlers is very rare. The authors describe the management of an acute pediatric unilateral facet dislocation.

Case presentation

A 3-year-old girl suffered cervical spine injury after a motor vehicle collision while sitting in the car without wearing a seatbelt. ATLS protocol was performed on the patient at a local hospital and she was referred to the emergency department at author’s hospital within 12 h of the injury. The pediatric surgeon and our orthopedic team re-evaluated that the status of the patient showed head injury with alteration of consciousness, intubation, cervical spine protection with hard collar and first rib fracture without pneumohemothorax. The emergency radiographs x-ray and CT brain including cervical spine showed no intracerebral hemorrhage but the cervical spine suffered unilateral cervical C4–C5 facet dislocation. Radiographic features showed anterior dislocation of the affected vertebral body less than the vertebral body in anterior posterior diameter, discordant rotation above and below involved level, facet within intervertebral foramen on oblique view, widening of the disk space and “Bat wing sign” appearance of the overriding facet (Fig. 1a-c). The patient was taken to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for resuscitation and closed monitoring after hemodynamic was stable. The patient was evaluated by MRI for preoperative planning, and no spinal cord injury was visible. In the next 24 hours, the patient’s neurovascular status examination was fully conscious and no neurological deficit (Frankel grade E) then extubation followed. The team discussed with her parents treatment plan and complication. Her parents then denied surgery. The authors applied closed reduction maneuver with minerva cast under sedation. The patient was in Frankel grade E without complication after closed reduction and the cervical spine had good alignment in radiographs (Fig. 1d). The minerva cast was removed at 8 weeks, at which point neck muscle stretching rehabilitation program started. At one-year follow up, the child was asymptomatic, had full active cervical motion and good function. The cervical spine showed normal alignment and had healed in follow up radiographs (Fig. 2). Her parents were highly satisfied with our effective treatment and outcome.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Radiographs images; Lateral radiograph x-ray (1A), sagittal radiograph of CT (1B) and sagittal radiograph of T2 weighted MRI (1C) showed antrolesthesis of C4 on C5 with 25% translation without spinal cord injury. Repeated lateral radiograph x-ray after closed reduction maneuver with minerva casting (1D)

Fig. 2
figure 2

Radiographs images after removing minerva cast; showing the cervical spine had improved alignment and healed in follow up radiographs

Discussion and conclusions

The study subjects is a traumatic pediatric unilateral cervical facet dislocation in toddler (18 months – 3 yrs.) which is a very rare condition. The most common causes of pediatric subaxial servical spine injury are motor vehicle accidents (50%) and sports-related activities (25%) [8]. Previously reviewed literature and case reports showed very rare pediatric subaxial cervical unilateral facet dislocation (Table 1).

Table 1 Summary of published reports on the management of traumatic pediatric unilateral cervical dislocation

Knowledge of the anatomical characteristics of pediatric unilateral cervical facet dislocation is very important. Three studies [6, 9, 10] reported three cases of pediatric unilateral cervical facet dislocation without neurological deficit. All reports were performed surgical treatment in school-aged children (5–12 yrs.) and reported a successful clinical outcome. Only one report, Parada et al., 2010 [11] reported a successful clinical outcome by conservative treatment with manual reduction and stabilization with cervical collar.

In our case, the purpose was to highlight the challenges in managing cervical spine injuries in toddlers without neurological deficit. The authors described the management of an acute pediatric unilateral facet dislocation by manual reduction and stabilization with minerva cast. The patient was asymptomatic, had full active cervical motion and good function. The cervical spine showed normal alignment and had healed in radiographs at one-year follow up. Unilateral cervical facet dislocation without neurological deficit in toddlers is very rare. The closed reduction maneuver and applied minerva cast is optional for treatment if successful manual reduction and stabilization with cervical orthosis has a good clinical outcome.

Availability of data and materials

Data sharing is not applicable to this case report as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

Abbreviations

CT:

Computed tomography scan

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

PICU:

Pediatric intensive care unit

SCIWORA:

Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities

References

  1. Hamilton MG, Myles ST. Pediatric spinal injury: review of 174 hospital admissions. J Neurosurg. 1992;77(5):700–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Osenbach RK, Menezes AH. Pediatric spinal cord and vertebral column injury. Neurosurgery. 1992;30(3):385–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Martinez-Perez R, Munarriz PM, Paredes I, Cotrina J, Lagares A. Cervical spinal cord injury without computed tomography evidence of trauma in adults: magnetic resonance imaging prognostic factors. World Neurosurg. 2017;99:192–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Sharma S, Singh M, Wani IH, Sharma S, Sharma N, Singh D. Adult spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities (SCIWORA): clinical and radiological correlations. J Clin Med Res. 2009;1(3):165–72.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. McGrory BJ, Klassen RA, Chao EY, Staeheli JW, Weaver AL. Acute fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine in children and adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75(7):988–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Sellin JN, Shaikh K, Ryan SL, Brayton A, Fulkerson DH, Jea A. Clinical outcomes of the surgical treatment of isolated unilateral facet fractures, subluxations, and dislocations in the pediatric cervical spine: report of eight cases and review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst. 2014;30(7):1233–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Knox JB, Schneider JE, Cage JM, Wimberly RL, Riccio AI. Spine trauma in very young children: a retrospective study of 206 patients presenting to a level 1 pediatric trauma center. J Pediatr Orthop. 2014;34(7):698–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Dogan S, Safavi-Abbasi S, Theodore N, Horn E, Rekate HL, Sonntag VK. Pediatric subaxial cervical spine injuries: origins, management, and outcome in 51 patients. Neurosurg Focus. 2006;20(2):E1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Faschingbauer M, Schulz AP, Seide K, Jürgens C. Unstable cervical spinal injury in children—case report and review of the literature. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2008;34(5):515–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Parada SA, Arrington ED, Kowalski KL, Molinari RW. Unilateral cervical facet dislocation in a 9-year-old boy. Orthopedics. 2010;33(12):929.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Qu W, Hao D, Wu Q, Song Z, Liu J. Surgical treatment for irreducible pediatric subaxial cervical unilateral facet dislocation: case report. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016;17(5):607–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Geoffrey Alan Cox for proofreading the English of this report.

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

Study concept and design by WL, RC, WC, and PB. Participation in the initial management, treatment performed and follow-up by PB. Analysis and interpretation of data and review of the literature by WL. Drafting of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content by WL. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wongthawat Liawrungrueang.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The patient provided written informed consent to have the case details and any accompanying images published. Prince of Songkla University Institutional Review Board, Faculty of Medicine, Songklanagarind Hospital, Prince of Songkla University. (IRB number EC 62–369–11-4) provided their approval to publish the case details. The patient’s parents had the opportunity to refuse. The parents requested that the patient’s personal information remained confidential. There was no cost or harm to the patient as a result of the study.

Consent for publication

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient’s parent for publication of this case report, including any accompanying images. A copy of the consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Liawrungrueang, W., Chamnan, R., Chaiyamongkol, W. et al. Acute traumatic unilateral cervical C4–C5 facet dislocation in pediatric toddlers. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 21, 4 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-3019-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-3019-9

Keywords