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A novel jumbo Tenacibaculum maritimum lytic phage with head-fiber-like appendages

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Abstract

A novel jumbo bacteriophage (myovirus) is described. The lytic phage of Tenacibaculum maritimum, which is the etiological agent of tenacibaculosis in a variety of farmed marine fish worldwide, was plaque-isolated from seawater around a fish aquaculture field in Japan. The phage had an isometric head 110–120 nm in diameter, from which several 50- to 100-nm-long flexible fiber-like appendages emanate, and a 150-nm-long rigid contractile tail. The full genomes of the two representative phages (PTm1 and PTm5) were 224,680 and 226,876 bp long, respectively, both with 29.7% GC content, and the number of predicted open reading frames (ORFs) was 308 and 306, respectively. The average nucleotide sequence identity between PTm1 and PTm5 was 99.95%, indicating they are quite similar to each other. A genetic relationship was found in 15.0–16.6% of the predicted ORFs among the T. maritimum phages PTm1 and PTm5, the Tenacibaculum spp. phage pT24, and the Sphingomonas paucimobilis phage PAU. Phylogenetic analysis based on the terminase large subunit genes revealed that these four phages (PTm1, PTm5, pT24 and PAU) are more closely related than the other 10 jumbo myoviruses that have similar genome sizes. Transmission electron microscopy observations suggest that the head fibers of the T. maritimum phage function as tentacles to search and recognize the host cell surface to facilitate infection.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by a grant-in-aid (Marine Metagenomics for Monitoring the Coastal Microbiota) from the ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan. We thank Kanae Koike for the technical assistance with electron microscopy at Hiroshima University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nansei Main Station, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Watarai, Mie, Japan

    Yasuhiko Kawato

  2. Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan

    Indah Istiqomah, Alkhateib Y. Gaafar, Makoto Hanaoka & Toshihiro Nakai

  3. Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Indah Istiqomah

  4. Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

    Alkhateib Y. Gaafar

  5. Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan

    Katsuya Ishimaru

  6. Research Center for Bioinformatics and Biosciences, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, Japan

    Motoshige Yasuike, Issei Nishiki, Yoji Nakamura & Atushi Fujiwara

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  1. Yasuhiko Kawato
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Correspondence to Toshihiro Nakai.

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Kawato, Y., Istiqomah, I., Gaafar, A.Y. et al. A novel jumbo Tenacibaculum maritimum lytic phage with head-fiber-like appendages. Arch Virol 165, 303–311 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-019-04485-6

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