Research paperEffect of Mycoplasma bovis on expression of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases mRNA in bovine synovial cells
Introduction
Mycoplasmas are bacteria of the class Mollicutes which do not have a cell wall and cause widespread infections in eukaryotes (Razin et al., 1998). Mycoplasma bovis is a significant pathogen of cattle, causing mastitis (Fox, 2012), pneumonia (Maunsell et al., 2011), and arthritis (Gagea et al., 2006). Mycoplasma arthritis (MA) is a group of intractable diseases commonly treated with antibiotics and associated with significant economic losses in the calf industry (Nicholas, 2011). MA shows synovial hyperplasia and osteolysis caused by severe inflammatory reactions in the joints (Gagea et al., 2006; Mahmood et al., 2017). However, the mechanism of the immune response to M. bovis in bovine synovial tissue has not been elucidated.
Synovial cells play an important role in the immune response in joints (Bartok and Firestein, 2010; Haerdi-Landerer et al., 2011). Inflammatory cytokines induce severe inflammatory reactions and contribute to progression of the pathophysiology of bacterial arthritis (Abdelnour et al., 1994; Nair et al., 1996). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a major group of enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM), including collagen, proteoglycan, and elastin (Visse and Nagase, 2003). MMP activity is regulated by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), which are specific inhibitors that bind MMPs in a 1:1 stoichiometry (Visse and Nagase, 2003).
Synovial cells produce inflammatory cytokines, MMPs, and TIMPs, each of which play key roles in the pathogenesis of human and murine bacterial arthritis (Behera et al., 2005; Kanangat et al., 2006). As indicated above, however, the immune responses in bovine synovial tissue infected with M. bovis have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, in this study, we examined the immunologic characteristics of bovine synovial tissue to M. bovis.
Section snippets
Synovial fluid (SF) and synovial tissue
We obtained 11 clinically healthy (control) calves and 6 calves with chronic spontaneous MA (1 to 4 months of age) from different commercial dairy farms between 2015 and 2017. SF (from 11 control and 6 MA calves) and synovial tissue (from 4 control and 4 MA calves) were isolated from the knee joints of dissected calves. MA calves were diagnosed based on the results of PCR analyses using M. bovis–specific primers, as previously described (Higuchi et al., 2011). Briefly, SF was inoculated into
SF pH, protein concentration, and number of SF cells isolated from control and MA calves
The pH, protein concentration, and number of SF cells are shown in Fig. 1. The pH of SF from MA calves was 7.3 ± 0.1, which was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of control calves (7.9 ± 0.1). The concentration of protein in SF was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in MA calves (8.1 ± 0.9 g/dL) than in control calves (1.9 ± 0.1 g/dL). The SF of MA calves contained 2.9 ± 0.8 × 107 cells/mL, which was significantly (p < 0.01) higher than the number of cells in the SF of control calves (4.0 ±
Discussion
Infection with M. bovis causes chronic arthritis in calves that typically responds poorly to treatment with antimicrobial agents, resulting in significant economic losses in the calf industry (Nicholas et al., 2011). Chronic MA exhibits with synovial hyperplasia and osteolysis caused by severe inflammatory reactions in the joints (Gagea et al., 2006; Mahmood et al., 2017). Previous studies showed that inflammatory cytokines and MMPs produced by synovial cells induce the development of bacterial
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
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Cited by (0)
- 1
Present address: Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
- 2
Present address: Cattle Research Center, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-0804, Japan.