Abstract
This study examined the role of place attachment in determining visitors’ willingness to engage in climate friendly behavior in parks and support for management actions to minimize climate-change impacts. The sample consisted of visitors to Missouri State Parks (n = 1775). Place attachment was measured using 12 items of place identity, place dependence, and social bonding. Exploratory factor analysis of climate friendly behavior items revealed two dimensions: Visit based (i.e., short-term, immediate actions individuals could take during their visit) and Big Picture (i.e., advocacy actions that suggest a long-term engagement with parks). A path analysis demonstrated that the dimensions of place attachment predict climate friendly behavior and support for climate friendly management action in different ways. Specifically, place identity increased climate friendly behavior (big picture) and place dependence increased both climate friendly behavior (visit based) and support for climate friendly management action. Findings from this study provided evidence for the importance of place attachment as a means for engaging visitors in climate-related actions both in and beyond the park setting.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albano CM, Angelo CL, Strauch RL (2013) Potential effects of warming climate on visitor use in three Alaskan national parks. Park Sci 30(1):36
Albrecht G, Sartore G-M, Connor L, Higginbotham N, Freeman S, Kelly B, Pollard G (2007) Solastalgia: the distress caused by environmental change. Australas Psychiatry 15(S1):S95–S98
Anderson CJ, Gooden J, Guinan PE, Knapp M, McManus G, Shulski MD (2015) Climate in the Heartland: historical data and future projections for the heartland regional network: urban sustainability directors network. Georgetown Climate Center, Washington, DC
Borrie WT, Freimund WA, Davenport MA (2002) Winter visitors to Yellowstone National Park: their value orientations and support for management actions. Hum Ecol Rev 14:41–48
Brehm JM, Eisenhauer BW, Stedman RC (2013) Environmental concern: examining the role of place meaning and place attachment. Soc Nat Resour 26(5):522–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2012.715726
Brownlee MT, Hallo JC, Moore DD, Powell RB, Wright BA (2014) Attitudes toward water conservation: the influence of site-specific factors and beliefs in climate change. Soc Nat Resour 27(9):964–982. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2014.929768
Brownlee MT, Hallo JC, Wright BA, Moore D, Powell RB (2013) Visiting a climate-influenced national park: the stability of climate change perceptions. Environ Manag 52(5):1132–1148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0153-2
Budruk M, Wilhelm Stanis SA (2013) Place attachment and recreation experience preference: a further exploration of the relationship. J Outdoor Recreat Tour 1:51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2013.04.001
Buta N, Holland SM, Kaplanidou K (2014) Local communities and protected areas: the mediating role of place attachment for pro-environmental civic engagement. J Outdoor Recreat Tour 5–6:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2014.01.001
Cabrera-Nguyen P (2010) Author guidelines for reporting scale development and validation results in the Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research. J Soc Soc Work Res 1(2):99–103. https://doi.org/10.5243/jsswr.2010.8
Connor L, Albrecht G, Higginbotham N, Freeman S, Smith W (2004) Environmental change and human health in Upper Hunter communities of New South Wales, Australia. EcoHealth 1(2):SU47–SU58
Cortina JM (1993) What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. J Appl Psychol 78(1):98
Costello AB, Osborne JW (2005) Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assess Res Evaluation 10(7):1–9. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412995627.d8
Coyle K, Van Susteren L (2012) The psychological effects of global warming on the United States: and why the US mental health care system is not adequately prepared. National Wildlife Federation, Merrifield, VA. https://www.nwf.org/en/Educational-Resources/Reports/2012/03-12-2012-Psychological-Effects-Global-Warming
Cuba L, Hummon DM (1993) A place to call home: identification with dwelling, community, and region. Sociol Q 1:111–131
Cunsolo Willox A, Harper SL, Ford JD, Landman K, Houle K, Edge VL (2012) “From this place and of this place:” Climate change, sense of place, and health in Nunatsiavut, Canada. Soc Sci Med 75(3):538–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.03.043
Danielsen F, Burgess ND, Balmford A (2005) Monitoring matters: examining the potential of locally-based approaches. Biodivers Conserv 14(11):2507–2542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-8375-0
Davenport MA, Baker ML, Leahy JE, Anderson DH (2010) Exploring multiple place meanings at an Illinois State Park. J Park Recreat Admin 28(1):52–69
Davis SK (2014) Communicating climate change through place based engagement: methods, research, and applications to parks and protected area. Doctoral dissertation, Colorado State University
Devine-Wright P (2013) Think global, act local? The relevance of place attachments and place identities in a climate changed world. Glob Environ Change 23(1):61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.08.003
Devine-Wright P, Howes Y (2010) Disruption to place attachment and the protection of restorative environments: a wind energy case study. J Environ Psychol 30(3):271–280
Diamantopoulos A, Siguaw JA, Siguaw JA (2000) Introducing LISREL: a guide for the uninitiated. Sage, London
Garson GD (2009) Structural equation modeling. Statistical Associates Publishing, Asheboro, NC
Garson GD (2013) Factor analysis. Statistical Associates Publishing, Asheboro, NC
Gifford R, Nilsson A (2014) Personal and social factors that influence pro-environmental concern and behaviour: a review. Int J Psychol 49(3):141–157
Gössling S (2002) Global environmental consequences of tourism. Glob Environ Change 12(4):283–302
Groulx M, Lewis J, Lemieux C, Dawson J (2014) Place-based climate change adaptation: a critical case study of climate change messaging and collective action in Churchill, Manitoba. Landsc Urban Plan 132:136–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.09.002
Gundersen V, Mehmetoglu M, Vistad OI, Andersen O (2015) Linking visitor motivation with attitude towards management restrictions on use in a national park. J Outdoor Recreat Tour 9:77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2015.04.004
Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE, Tatham RL (2006) Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River NJ
Hall TE, Seekamp E, Cole D (2010) Do recreation motivations and wilderness involvement relate to support for wilderness management? A segmentation analysis. J Leis Sci 32(2):109–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400903547096
Halpenny EA (2010) Pro-environmental behaviours and park visitors: the effect of place attachment. J Environ Psychol 30(4):409–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.04.006
Hammitt WE, Backlund EA, Bixler RD (2006) Place bonding for recreation places: conceptual and empirical development. Leis Stud 25(1):17–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360500098100
Hooper D, Coughlan J, Mullen M (2008) Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit. Electron J Bus Res Methods 6(1):53–60
IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland
Jantarasami LC, Lawler JJ, Thomas CW (2010) Institutional barriers to climate change adaptation in US national parks and forests. Ecol Soc 15(4):33
Jones B, Scott D (2006) Climate change, seasonality and visitation to Canada’s national parks. J Park Recreat Admin 24(2):42–62
Kaiser HF (1974) An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika 39(1):31–36
Koenig U, Abegg B (1997) Impacts of climate change on winter tourism in the Swiss Alps. J Sustain Tour 5(1):46–58
Kyle G, Absher JD, Graefe AR (2003) The moderating role of place attachment on the relationship between attitudes toward fees and spending preferences. Leis Sci 25(1):33–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400306552
Kyle G, Chick G (2007) The social construction of a sense of place. Leis Sci 29(3):209–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400701257922
Kyle G, Graefe A, Manning R (2005) Testing the dimensionality of place attachment in recreational settings. Environ Behav 37(2):153–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916504269654
Kyle G, Graefe A, Manning R, Bacon J (2004) Effects of place attachment on users’ perceptions of social and environmental conditions in a natural setting. J Environ Psychol 24(2):213–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2003.12.006
Larson LR, Usher LE, Chapmon T (2018) Surfers as environmental stewards: understanding place-protecting behavior at Cape Hatteras National Seashore. Leis Sci 40(5):442–465
Larson LR, Whiting JW, Green GT (2011) Exploring the influence of outdoor recreation participation on pro-environmental behaviour in a demographically diverse population. Local Environ 16(1):67–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2010.548373
Lauer M, Aswani S (2010) Indigenous knowledge and long-term ecological change: detection, interpretation, and responses to changing ecological conditions in pacific Island Communities. Environ Manag 45(5):985–997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-010-9471-9
Lee TH (2011) How recreation involvement, place attachment and conservation commitment affect environmentally responsible behavior. J Sustain Tour 19(7):895–915. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.570345
Low S, Altman I (1992) Place attachment: Springer, Boston, MA
Missouri State Parks (2014) 2014 Annual report. Missouri Department of Natural Resources: Jefferson City, Mo
Monahan WB, Fisichelli NA (2014) Climate exposure of US national parks in a new era of change. PloS ONE 9(7):e101302. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101302
National Research Council (2011) Climate change education: Goals, audiences, and strategies: a workshop summary. National Academies Press, Washington, DC
Nicolosi E, Corbett JB (2018) Engagement with climate change and the environment: a review of the role of relationships to place AU. Local Environ 23(1):77–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2017.1385002
Noe C, Choudhary E, Cheng-Dobson L, Wolkin AF, Newman C (2013) Exertional heat-related illnesses at the Grand Canyon National Park, 2004–2009. Wilderness Environ Med 24(4):422–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2013.06.008
Oh C-O, Ditton RB (2006) Using recreation specialization to understand multi-attribute management preferences. Leis Sci 28(4):369–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400600745886
Ramkissoon H, Smith LDG, Weiler B (2013a) Relationships between place attachment, place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviour in an Australian national park. J Sustain Tour 21(3):434–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.708042
Ramkissoon H, Smith LDG, Weiler B (2013b) Testing the dimensionality of place attachment and its relationships with place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviours: a structural equation modelling approach. Tour Manag 36:552–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.003
Raymond CM, Brown G, Weber D (2010) The measurement of place attachment: Personal, community, and environmental connections. J Environ Psychol 30(4):422–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.08.002
Responding to climate change is the greatest challenge (2017) Retrieved from http://www.nps.gov/subjects/climatechange/response.htm
Romolini M, Ryan RL, Simso ER, Strauss EG (2019) Visitors’ attachment to urban parks in Los Angeles, CA. Urban Forestry Urban Green 41:118–126
Scannell L, Gifford R (2013) Personally relevant climate change: The role of place attachment and local versus global message framing in engagement. Environ Behav 45(1):60–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916511421196
Schweizer S, Davis S, Thompson JL (2013) Changing the conversation about climate change: a theoretical framework for place-based climate change engagement. Environ Commun 7(1):42–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2012.753634
Scott D, Jones B, Konopek J (2007) Implications of climate and environmental change for nature-based tourism in the Canadian Rocky Mountains: a case study of Waterton Lakes National Park. Tour Manag 28(2):570–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.020
Snover AK, Binder L, Kay J, Sims R, Lopez J, Willmott E, Strickler A (2007) Preparing for climate change: a guidebook for local, regional, and state governments. Environ Health Perspect 117(4):617–623
Stedman RC (2002) Toward a social psychology of place: Predicting behavior from place-based cognitions, attitude, and identity. Environ Behav 34(5):561–581. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916502034005001
Takahashi B, Selfa T (2015) Predictors of pro-environmental behavior in rural American communities. Environ Behav 47(8):856–876. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916514521208
Thompson J, Davis S, Mullen K (2013) Climate change communication campaign planning: using audience research to inform design. George Wright Forum 30(2):182
Tonge J, Ryan MM, Moore SA, Beckley LE (2015) The effect of place attachment on pro-environment behavioral intentions of visitors to coastal natural area tourist destinations. J Travel Res 54(6):730–743. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514533010
Tschakert P, Tutu R, Alcaro A (2013) Embodied experiences of environmental and climatic changes in landscapes of everyday life in Ghana. Emot Space Soc 7(1):13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2011.11.001
Uzzell D, Pol E, Badenas D (2002) Place identification, social cohesion, and enviornmental sustainability. Environ Behav 34(1):26–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916502034001003
Van Aalst MK, Cannon T, Burton I (2008) Community level adaptation to climate change: the potential role of participatory community risk assessment. Glob Environ Change 18(1):165–179
Vaske JJ (2008) Survey research and analysis: applications in parks, recreation and human dimensions. Venture Publishing, State College, PA
Vaske JJ, Kobrin KC (2001) Place attachment and environmentally responsible behavior. J Environ Educ 32(4):16–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958960109598658
Vaughn D (2014) Derecho project: Final report to Pioneer Forest. Unpublished manuscript
Vogt CA, Williams DR (1999) Support for wilderness recreation fees: the influence of fee purpose and day versus overnight use. J Park Recreat Adm 17:85–99
Vorkinn M, Riese H (2001) Environmental concern in a local context: the significance of place attachment. Environ Behav 33(2):249–263
Walker GJ, Chapman R (2003) Thinking like a park: the effects of sense of place, perspective-taking, and empathy on pro-environmental intentions. J Park Recreat Admin 21(4):71–86
Walker I, Leviston Z, Price J, Devine-Wright P (2015) Responses to a worsening environment: relative deprivation mediates between place attachments and behaviour. Eur J Soc Psychol 45(7):833–846. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2151
Williams DR, Roggenbuck JW (1989) Measuring place attachment: some preliminary results. Paper presented at the NRPA Symposium on Leisure Research, San Antonio, TX
Williams DR, Vaske JJ (2003) The measurement of place attachment: validity and generalizability of a psychometric approach. For Sci 49(6):830–840
Ximénez C (2006) A Monte Carlo Study of recovery of weak factor loadings in confirmatory factor. Anal Struct Equ Modeling: A Multidiscip J 13(4):587–614. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1304_5
Zhang Y, Zhang H-L, Zhang J, Cheng S (2014) Predicting residents’ pro-environmental behaviors at tourist sites: the role of awareness of disaster’s consequences, values, and place attachment. J Environ Psychol 40:131–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.06.001
Acknowledgements
This material is based upon work supported by the US National Science Foundation under Award Number IIA-1355406. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. The authors thank Missouri State Parks and Historic Sites for providing logistical support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Groshong, L., Stanis, S.W., Morgan, M. et al. Place Attachment, Climate Friendly Behavior, and Support for Climate Friendly Management Action among State Park Visitors. Environmental Management 65, 98–110 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01229-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01229-9