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First Occurrence of Saffold Virus in Sewage and River Water Samples in Karaj, Iran

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Abstract

Saffold virus as a newly discovered virus, which seems to be related to acute gastroenteritis as with other enteric viruses and to human airway diseases in children belongs to Cardiovirus genus in picornaviridae family with 11 genotypes. Saffold virus initially was detected in America from infant stool sample. Saffold virus has also been detected in environmental water samples. Until now, two reports have demonstrated that sewage water sources are contaminated with Saffold viruses. Molecular detection of Saffold virus mostly depended on reverse transcription PCR methods and RT-qPCR, which had targeted 5′UTR region of the viral genome. The present study aims to evaluate the molecular detection and quantity of Saffold virus in sewage water and river water specimens by RT-qPCR assay in Karaj, Iran. Fifty samples collected from environmental waters containing treated and untreated sewage water and river water samples were included in this study. After viral RNA extraction, the Real-time PCR was developed to amplify the 5′UTR sequence of Saffold virus genome and viral load was assessed. Out of the 50 samples tested (consisting 28 river water samples and 22 sewage water samples), the Saffold virus genomic RNA was identified in 10/28 (35.7%) of river water samples and in 4/12 (33.3%) of treated and 4/10 (40%) of untreated sewage samples. The maximum viral load was 6.8 × 106 copies/l in untreated sewage water sample in December, and the lower viral load was 1.2 × 106 copies/l related to treated sewage water taken in October. Our results for the first time indicate that Saffold virus has apparently been circulating among Iranian peoples. Also, the viral prevalence of Saffold virus in each of the three sets of tested samples was within moderate to high in range.

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Acknowledgements

This work was performed as part of Mona Aminipour’s MSc thesis in Microbiology at Karaj Islamic Azad University. We would like to thank the office of applied research of Karaj Islamic Azad University for their support of this project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran

    Mona Aminipour, Mostafa Ghaderi & Naser Harzandi

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  1. Mona Aminipour
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  2. Mostafa Ghaderi
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  3. Naser Harzandi
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Correspondence to Mostafa Ghaderi.

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Aminipour, M., Ghaderi, M. & Harzandi, N. First Occurrence of Saffold Virus in Sewage and River Water Samples in Karaj, Iran. Food Environ Virol 12, 75–80 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-019-09415-y

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