Abstract
One of the direct causes of biodiversity loss is environmental pollution resulting from the use of chemicals. Different kinds of chemicals, such as persistent organic pollutants and some heavy metals, can be endocrine disruptors, which act at low doses over a long period of time and have a negative effect on the reproductive and thyroid system in vertebrates worldwide. Research on the effects of endocrine disruptors and the use of bioindicators in neotropical ecosystems where pressure on biodiversity is high is scarce. In Chile, although endocrine disruptors have been detected at different concentrations in the environments of some ecosystems, few studies have been performed on their biological effects in the field. In this work, Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog), an introduced species, is used as a bioindicator for the presence of endocrine disruptors in aquatic systems with different degrees of contamination in a Mediterranean zone in central Chile. For the first time for Chile, alterations are described that can be linked to exposure to endocrine disruptors, such as vitellogenin induction, decreased testosterone in male frogs, and histological changes in gonads. Dioxin-like and oestrogenic activity was detected in sediments at locations where it seem to be related to alterations found in the frogs. In addition, an analysis of land use/cover use revealed that urban soil was the best model to explain the variations in frog health indicators. This study points to the usefulness of an invasive species as a bioindicator for the presence of endocrine-disruptive chemicals.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the support of Boris Unterreiner for his help with sediment extraction. Mauricio Montaño is acknowledged for his assistance with the Luc-Assay calculations, and Caroll Stoore and Christian Hidalgo for their help in performing the ELISA tests. The authors acknowledge Dr. P. Balaguer (INSERM) who kindly provided the MELN cells and Dra. Angela Hernandez for her help with the coverage and land use analysis. The authors thank Lindsey Auguin for the language corrections. This research was conducted according to the Chilean wildlife regulations pertaining to permits 1545/2014, 7545/2014, and 8550/2014 of the Livestock and Agriculture Service (SAG) and permit 005/2014 of the Corporación Nacional Forestal de Chile (CONAF). This research was funded by the Fellowship Programme and the Dirección General de Investigación y Doctorados, Universidad Andres Bello, Number DI-592-14.
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Rojas-Hucks, S., Gutleb, A.C., González, C.M. et al. Xenopus laevis as a Bioindicator of Endocrine Disruptors in the Region of Central Chile. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 77, 390–408 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-019-00661-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-019-00661-6