There is something particularly exciting about being on the vanguard of a new movement or burgeoning area of neuroscientific study. The newness of it all; the uncharted territory; the thrill of discovering new things; the growth of community. While from the scale and scope of the recent Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting in San Diego (Nov. 4–7, 2018) it might seem that anything and everything about the brain is being closely scrutinized, tested, explored, and measured. Nonetheless, the “new” can still be found. Where it can be, excitement and wonder abound.
Over the past year, I was fortunate to serve as the President of the Society for Claustrum Research – a small but passionate group of international researchers with an intense interest in characterizing and understanding the claustrum (http://claustrumsociety.org/). A thin, irregularly shaped structure, located bilaterally between the insular cortices and the putamen, and sandwiched between the external and extreme capsules, the clasutrum is enigmatic and its function undetermined. A nascent community has grown around mutual efforts to reveal its mysteries.
A seminal article by Christof Koch and the late Sir Francis Crick (b1916 – d2004) energized modern interest in the claustrum and its putative functional role.Footnote 1 Yet, the structure was first illustrated in the beautiful neuroanatomical treatise of Félix Vicq d’Azyr,Footnote 2 French anatomist, historian, social reformer, and personal physician to Marie Antoinette.Footnote 3 Its diminutive size and uncertain functional significance has since made its neuroanatomical study challenging or deemed otherwise unimportant. Though studies in macaques,Footnote 4 rats,Footnote 5 pigs,Footnote 6 tree shrews,Footnote 7 and other species have been conducted in some number, in vivo neuroimaging examinations in the human have been rare.Footnote 8
Recently, however, new research has underscored the uniqueness of the claustrum, which now might be ready to give up its secrets.Footnote 9 As an anatomical nuclei, it is distinct from the adjacent endopiriform cortexFootnote 10 as evident in the mouse. The relatively low diversity of cell types was investigated in human claustra by Braak and BraakFootnote 11 and, based on Golgi lipofuscin granular staining, shown to comprise five types of neurons - combinations of spiny and aspiny nerve cells having varying morphometries. Further neuronal classification has been performed in the rabbitFootnote 12 as well as the cat,Footnote 13 where multiple classes of projection neurons and interneurons were noted throughout the entirety of the claustrum.
Its functional role in the brain still remains largely theoretical, however. Crick and Koch, in their famous paper, suggested that the claustrum serves as the conductor of the orchestra of neural activity and controls what is allowed into conscious attention. A recent case study of a neurological patient having the surgical implantation of depth electrodes into the claustrum certainly lends support to this notion.Footnote 14 With the electrical current turned off, the patient can read passages from a magazine without difficulty, but when the current is suddenly turned on, the patient freezes mid-sentence into what appears to be an absence-like seizure, only to continue reading again once the current has been turned off again. By contrast, however, studies in rats have suggested that the claustrum should not be universally regarded as an integrator of somesthetic and motor information.Footnote 15
The claustrum may play a role in a range of neurologic and clinical syndromes – from psychiatric symptoms resulting from copper deposition in patients with Wilson’s Disease,Footnote 16 to dopamine content in Parkinson’s Disease sufferers,Footnote 17 to a putative role in schizophrenia.Footnote 18 The claustrum may very well be a regional “skeleton key” which is at the root of, but also which links and contributes to, a variety of brain disorders. Where identified as an activation hot-spot in functional neuroimaging studies in healthy subjects, however, it is only as a secondary, tertiary, or otherwise tangential loci – recognized but with little fanfare (see Meador et al.Footnote 19, for instance).
Important in the context of neuroinformatics is the growing appreciation of the rich white matter connectivity of the claustrum.Footnote 20 Examination of the connectivity and its network properties using diffusion weighted imaging tractography in humans has indicated dense and wide-spread connections between that claustrum and nearly all portions of the cerebral cortex.Footnote 21 Graph-theoretical analysis from the rats has suggested that the claustrum may be a previously heretofore unappreciated member of the so-called “rich club” of inter-connected regional brain hubsFootnote 22 – a result which has also been reported in brain imaging studies of human connectivity.Footnote 23 As a “rich club” member, with its pound-for-pound wide-reaching connectivity, the claustrum may, indeed, play a fundamental role in a range of cognitive operations. Specifically, in line with Crick and Koch, it may serve to synthesize sensory information and feed it forward into one’s conscious experience.
While having its neuroanatomical descriptive origins in eighteenth century France, the claustrum today represents one of the last brain regions to come under the full scrutiny of modern neuroscience. Like the equally mysterious zona incerta,Footnote 24 the claustrum may be turn up from time-to-time in published results but its importance little appreciated let alone understood. The analysis of the cellular composition, form, connectivity, and function of the claustrum represents a major challenge and here is where neuroinformatics can make an enormous contribution. With advances in the examination of brain connectivity in humanFootnote 25 and in non-humansFootnote 26 and the availability of novel mathematical frameworks for analysis,Footnote 27 perhaps the next few years will see fuller computational and conceptual innovations for claustral characterization.Footnote 28 These may, finally, reveal a satisfying description of the claustrum and its role in cognition, conscious attention, and in clinical syndromes.
It is comforting to know that new discoveries and descriptions of “old” brain regions remain possible which can continue to motivate and propel our understanding of the human nervous system. Modern basic and neuroinformatics research conducted on the claustrum is one such area. Perhaps that is the essence and wonder of neuroscience – what is old can be new again.
Notes
Crick, F.C., Koch C.(2005). What is the function of the claustrum?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences ,360(1458), 1271–1279.
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Van Horn, J.D. What Is Old Is New Again: Investigating and Analyzing the Mysteries of the Claustrum. Neuroinform 17, 1–3 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12021-018-9411-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12021-018-9411-z