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The provenance of deep groundwater and its relation to arsenic distribution in the northwestern Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia

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Abstract

High-arsenic (As) groundwater has been widely found throughout the world. The source of groundwater would determine spatial distribution of groundwater As. In order to trace the source of high-As deep groundwater (DGW, depths > 50 m), groundwater, sediments, and local bedrock samples were taken to investigate chemical and isotopic compositions in the Hetao Basin, China. Results showed that 87Sr/86Sr in DGW gradually decreased with the increase in As concentrations along the approximate flow path. In recharge-oxic zone (Zone I), DGW was mainly recharged by fissure water, influenced mostly by weathering of phyllite bedrock and meta-basalt. In groundwater flow-moderate reducing zone (Zone II), DGW was mainly related to incongruent dissolution of feldspar. However, in groundwater flow-reducing zone (Zone III), DGW was partly recharged from shallow groundwater (SGW) with depths < 50 m. The mixing contributions of SGW to DGW in Zone III mostly exceeded 80% during groundwater irrigation season. In Zone I, DGW As concentrations were mostly lower than 50 μg/L due to oxic conditions. In Zone II, the weakly alkaline pH and the decreasing Ca/Na resulting from incongruent dissolution of feldspar caused As desorption, which was the major contribution to As mobilization (As mostly > 200 μg/L). In Zone III, the recharge of SGW introduced labile organic matter to support reduction of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides/oxides and predominantly led to As release into groundwater (As > 300 μg/L). This study has provided insights into the source of high-As DGW and the effect of SGW mixing on As mobilization.

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Acknowledgements

The study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41825017, 41672225 and 41502259), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Nos. 2652017165 and 2652017193), and the Fok Ying-Tung Education Foundation, China (Grant No. 131017). Constructive comments provided by editors and two anonymous reviewers are much appreciated.

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China

    Shuai Liu & Huaming Guo

  2. School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China

    Shuai Liu, Huaming Guo, Zhuo Zhang & Weiguang Zhao

  3. The National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100013, People’s Republic of China

    Hai Lu

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Liu, S., Guo, H., Lu, H. et al. The provenance of deep groundwater and its relation to arsenic distribution in the northwestern Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia. Environ Geochem Health 42, 1429–1451 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00433-0

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