References
Benson K, Hartz AJ. A comparison of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1878–86.
Pocock SJ, Elbourne DR. Randomized trials or observational tribulations? N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1907–9.
Goldberg IJ. To drink or not to drink? N Engl J Med. 2003;348:163–4.
Weiss NS, Clinical epidemiology: the study of the occurrence of illness. Oxford, New York; 2006.
Elting LS. Author reply. Cancer. 2007;109:342.
Weiss NS, Koepsell TD, Psaty BM. Generalizability of the results of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:133–5.
Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:709–17.
Juurlink DN, Mamdani M, Kopp A, et al. Drug–drug interactions among elderly patients hospitalized for drug toxicity. JAMA. 2003;289:1652–8.
Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PI, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2587–99.
McCormack S, Dunn DT, Sesai M, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection (PROUD): effectiveness results from the pilot phase of a pragmatic open-label randomized trial. Lancet. 2016;387:53–60.
Elting LS, Cooksley C, Bekele BN, et al. Generalizability of cancer clinical trial results: prognostic differences between participants and nonparticipants. Cancer. 2006;106:2452–8.
Van de Water W, Kiderlen M, Bastiaannet F, et al. External validity of a trial comprised of elderly patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. JNCI. 2014;106:1–8.
Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1449–57.
Stern S, Altkorn D, Levinson W. Anticoagulation for chronic atrial fibrillation. JAMA. 2000;283:2901–3.
Horwitz RI, Singer BH. Why evidence-based medicine failed in patient care and medicine-based evidence will succeed. J Clin Epidemiol. 2017;84:14–7.
Lauer MS, Collins FS. Using science to improve the nation’s health system: NIH’s commitment to comparative effectiveness research. JAMA. 2010;303:2182–3.
Goldman B. Treatments that work for people just like you. Winter: Stanford Medicine; 2016. p. 32.
Weiss NS. The new world of data linkages in clinical epidemiology: Are we being brave or foolhardy? Epidemiology. 2011;22:292–4.
Baxter NN, Goldwasser MA, Paszat LF, et al. Association of colonoscopy and death from colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:1–8.
Weiss NS, Dhillon PK, Etzioni R. Case-control studies of the efficacy of cancer screening: overcoming bias from non-random patterns of screening. Epidemiology. 2004;15:409–13.
Ray WA, Griffin MR, Schaffner W, et al. Psychotropic drug use and risk of fracture. N Engl Med. 1987;316:363–9.
Gerstman BB, Friesman JP, Hine LK. Use of subsequent anticoagulants to increase the predictive value of Medicaid deep venous thromboembolism diagnosis. Epidemiology. 1990;1:122–7.
Jackson LA, Jackson ML, Nelson JC, et al. Evidence of bias in estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in seniors. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35:337–44.
Pignon JP, Tribodet H, Scagliotti GV, et al. Lung adjuvant cisplatin evaluation: a pooled analysis by the LACE Collaborative Group. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3552–9.
Ganti AK, Williams CD, Gajra A, et al. Effect of age on the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy for resected non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer. 2015;121:2578–85.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Weiss, N.S. Generalizing from the results of randomized studies of treatment: Can non-randomized studies be of help?. Eur J Epidemiol 34, 715–718 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-019-00516-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-019-00516-3