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Ribosomal DNA and the nucleolus in the context of genome organization

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Abstract

The nucleolus constitutes a prominent nuclear compartment, a membraneless organelle that was first documented in the 1830s. The fact that specific chromosomal regions were present in the nucleolus was recognized by Barbara McClintock in the 1930s, and these regions were termed nucleolar organizing regions, or NORs. The primary function of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is to produce RNA components of ribosomes. Yet, ribosomal DNA also plays a pivotal role in nuclear organization by assembling the nucleolus. This review is focused on the rDNA and associated proteins in the context of genome organization. Recent advances in understanding chromatin organization suggest that chromosomes are organized into topological domains by a DNA loop extrusion process. We discuss the perspective that rDNA may also be organized in topological domains constrained by structural maintenance of chromosome protein complexes such as cohesin and condensin. Moreover, biophysical studies indicate that the nucleolar compartment may be formed by active processes as well as phase separation, a perspective that lends further insight into nucleolar organization. The application of the latest perspectives and technologies to this organelle help further elucidate its role in nuclear structure and function.

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Abbreviations

rDNA:

ribosomal DNA

NORs:

nucleolar organizing regions

TAD:

topologically associated domain

Hi-C:

high-resolution chromosome conformation capture

ETS:

external transcribed spacer

ITS:

internal transcribed spacer

IGS:

intergenic spacer

SMC:

structural maintenance of chromosome complexes

FC:

fibrillar center

DFC:

dense fibrillar component

GC:

granular component

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Funding

This work was supported by the Stowers Institute for Medical Research.

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  1. Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA

    Tamara A. Potapova & Jennifer L. Gerton

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA

    Jennifer L. Gerton

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  1. Tamara A. Potapova
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TP and JG both wrote and edited the manuscript.

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Potapova, T.A., Gerton, J.L. Ribosomal DNA and the nucleolus in the context of genome organization. Chromosome Res 27, 109–127 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-018-9600-5

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