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A review on animal–robot interaction: from bio-hybrid organisms to mixed societies

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Abstract

Living organisms are far superior to state-of-the-art robots as they have evolved a wide number of capabilities that far encompass our most advanced technologies. The merging of biological and artificial world, both physically and cognitively, represents a new trend in robotics that provides promising prospects to revolutionize the paradigms of conventional bio-inspired design as well as biological research. In this review, a comprehensive definition of animal–robot interactive technologies is given. They can be at animal level, by augmenting physical or mental capabilities through an integrated technology, or at group level, in which real animals interact with robotic conspecifics. Furthermore, an overview of the current state of the art and the recent trends in this novel context is provided. Bio-hybrid organisms represent a promising research area allowing us to understand how a biological apparatus (e.g. muscular and/or neural) works, thanks to the interaction with the integrated technologies. Furthermore, by using artificial agents, it is possible to shed light on social behaviours characterizing mixed societies. The robots can be used to manipulate groups of living organisms to understand self-organization and the evolution of cooperative behaviour and communication.

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Funding

This work was funded by the EU project subCULTron (submarine cultures perform long-term robotic exploration of unconventional environmental niches) number 640967. The funder had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The BioRobotics Institute, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, PI, Italy

    Donato Romano, Giovanni Benelli & Cesare Stefanini

  2. The Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich/ETH, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland

    Elisa Donati

  3. Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy

    Giovanni Benelli

  4. HEIC Center, BME Department, Khalifa University, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE

    Cesare Stefanini

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  1. Donato Romano
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  2. Elisa Donati
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  4. Cesare Stefanini
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Correspondence to Donato Romano.

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Communicated by Jean-Marc Fellous.

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Romano, D., Donati, E., Benelli, G. et al. A review on animal–robot interaction: from bio-hybrid organisms to mixed societies. Biol Cybern 113, 201–225 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-018-0787-5

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