Original Article
Synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon dots from lemon and onion juices for determination of riboflavin in multivitamin/mineral supplements

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2019.02.003Get rights and content
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Highlights

  • Lemon and onion were for the first time used to synthesize carbon dots (CDs).

  • CDs displayed satisfactory optical proprieties and high quantum yield of 23.6%.

  • A fluorescent resonance energy transfer between CDs and riboflavin was achieved.

  • A method was successfully developed for riboflavin quantification in supplements.

  • Proposed method provided improved results over previous studies.

Abstract

In this work, lemon and onion biomasses commonly found in street markets are for the first time used to develop a facile, fast and low-cost one-step microwave-assisted carbonization method for synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon dots (CDs). The structure and optical properties of CDs were investigated by TEM, XRD, XRF, UV–Vis, FTIR, and fluorescence spectroscopy. CDs displayed satisfactory optical proprieties, a high quantum yield of 23.6%, and excellent water solubility, and the particle size was 4.23–8.22 nm with an average diameter of 6.15 nm. An efficient fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the CDs and riboflavin was achieved with CDs acting as donor and riboflavin as acceptor. A linear relationship between FRET and the riboflavin concentration from 0.10 to 3.0 μg/mL was observed, allowing the development of an accurate and fast analytical method to determine this vitamin in multivitamin/mineral supplements. Despite the potential interferences in these supplements, CDs were selective for riboflavin under optimized conditions. A paired t-test at a 95% confidence level indicated no statistically significant difference between the proposed and the reference methods. Recovery test presented values ranged from 96.0% to 101.4%. The limit of detection and relative standard deviation were estimated at 1.0 ng/mL and <2.6% (n = 3), respectively. CDs were successfully synthesized in a domestic microwave oven (1450 W, 6 min), presenting satisfactory parameters when compared with results of other studies reported in the literature, suggesting that the proposed method is a potentially useful method for the synthesis of CDs and determination of riboflavin.

Keywords

Carbon dots
Microwave-assisted carbonization
Lemon-onion juice
Riboflavin
Multivitamin/mineral supplements
Fluorescence

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Peer review under responsibility of Xi'an Jiaotong University.