Abstract
Synchrotrons have provided significant methods and instruments to study ancient materials from cultural and natural heritages. New ways to visualise (surfacic or volumic) morphologies are developed on the basis of elemental, density and refraction contrasts. They now apply to a wide range of materials, from historic artefacts to paleontological specimens. The tunability of synchrotron beams owing to the high flux and high spectral resolution of photon sources is at the origin of the main chemical speciation capabilities of synchrotron-based techniques. Although, until recently, photon-based speciation was mainly applicable to inorganic materials, novel developments based, for instance, on STXM and deep UV photoluminescence bring new opportunities to study speciation in organic and hybrid materials, such as soaps and organometallics, at a submicrometric spatial resolution over large fields of view. Structural methods are also continuously improved and increasingly applied to hierarchically structured materials for which organisation results either from biological or manufacturing processes. High-definition (spectral) imaging appears as the main driving force of the current trend for new synchrotron techniques for research on cultural and natural heritage materials.
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Abbreviations
- CT:
-
Computed tomography
- DUV:
-
Deep ultraviolet
- EELS:
-
Electron energy loss spectroscopy
- EPMA:
-
Electron probe micro-analysis
- FF:
-
Full field
- FIB:
-
Focused ion beam
- FOV:
-
Field of view
- FTIR:
-
Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy
- Ga:
-
Gigaannum
- Ma:
-
Megaannum
- Myr:
-
Million year
- NEXAFS:
-
Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (=XANES)
- PIXE:
-
Proton induced X-ray emission
- PL:
-
Photoluminescence
- Pps:
-
Projected pixel (voxel) size on the sample plane
- qsSAXSI:
-
Quantitative scanning SAXS imaging
- ROI:
-
Region of interest
- SAXS:
-
Small-angle X-ray scattering
- SC:
-
Semi-conductor
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscopy
- SR:
-
Synchrotron radiation
- STXM:
-
Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy
- TEM:
-
Transmission electron microscopy
- Vis:
-
Visible
- XANES:
-
X-ray absorption near edge structure
- XAS:
-
X-ray absorption spectroscopy
- XRD:
-
X-ray diffraction
- XRF:
-
X-ray fluorescence
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Acknowledgments
The IPANEMA platform is jointly developed by CNRS, the French Ministry of Culture and Communication and MNHN, and benefits from a CPER grant (MENESR, Région Ile-de-France) [23]. IPANEMA and Synchrotron SOLEIL are supported by the Research Infrastructures activity IPERION CH of the Horizon2020 Programme of the EU (Grant Agreement No. 654028). Support from the ERC project PaleoNanoLife (P.I.: F. Robert), the PATRIMA LabEx and within the agreement between the MNHN and IPANEMA is acknowledged. LB and UB acknowledge support from the France–Stanford Center for Interdisciplinary Studies Program. Portions of this research were carried out at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), a user facility of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Basic Energy Sciences. The work performed on the 12.3.2 beamline was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the US Department of Energy, who operates ALS under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
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Bertrand, L., Bernard, S., Marone, F. et al. Emerging Approaches in Synchrotron Studies of Materials from Cultural and Natural History Collections. Top Curr Chem (Z) 374, 7 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-015-0003-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-015-0003-1