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Characteristics of Firebrands Collected from Actual Urban Fires

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Abstract

The characteristics of firebrands collected from a recent urban fire in Japan are described. Specifically, this fire broke out from a Chinese restaurant in Itoigawa-city, Niigata, Japan on December 22nd 2016. On the day of the fire, strong winds resulted in rapid fire spread. With the presence of an average wind speed of 9 m/s, the fire quickly spread, resulting in the damage of 147 structures, with 120 of 147 destroyed. The fire was extinguished more than 30 h later. During the fire, firebrands were observed and 10 spot fires were reported. After the fire, investigations were performed and firebrands were collected from the burn site. The size and the mass of firebrands were measured and compared with the available literature data. It was observed that more than 60% of the collected firebrands had less than 0.10 g mass and 2.0 cm2 projected area and the size and the mass of firebrands were independent of the location. The size and the mass of firebrands from this fire were similar to those from another urban fire under similar wind speed and were also compared to those produced from a firebrand generator. The firebrand data set presented here provided valuable insights into how firebrands are generated from structures in actual urban fires. Finally, the description on how a firebrand generator may be used to produce firebrands similar to urban fires yields an important advancement to begin to study such complex phenomena in the laboratory.

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Acknowledgements

The assistance of residents in Itoigawa-city, Niigata, Japan and the help of Itoigawa-city Fire Department (FD) during the NRIFD investigations were greatly appreciated. The help of Drs. M. Shinohara and K. Suzuki, and Mr. K. Takanashi from Research and Development Division, and former investigation staffs, Mr. S. Fujisaki (currently with Sakura-city FD), T. Takagaki (currently with Saitama-city FD), M. Kuramochi (currently with Inashiki-Koiki FD), Y. Kawamori (currently with Shizuoka-city FD), and Y. Ichihashi (currently with Niigata-city FD) from Research and Investigation Division, NRIFD were appreciated. Data of Beppu-city fire was kindly provided by Dr. Shinohara. The authors thanked him for the help.

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  1. National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster (NRIFD), Chofu, Japan

    Sayaka Suzuki

  2. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, USA

    Samuel L. Manzello

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  1. Sayaka Suzuki
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  2. Samuel L. Manzello
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Correspondence to Sayaka Suzuki.

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Suzuki, S., Manzello, S.L. Characteristics of Firebrands Collected from Actual Urban Fires. Fire Technol 54, 1533–1546 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-018-0751-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-018-0751-x

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