Open Access, Peer-reviewed
pISSN 1598-2629 eISSN 2092-6685
Indexed in PubMed, Scopus and SCIE
    Immune Netw. 2016 Apr;16(2):140-145. English.
    Published online Apr 28, 2016.
    https://doi.org/10.4110/in.2016.16.2.140
    Copyright © 2016 The Korean Association of Immunologists
    Brief Communication

    In vitro Stimulation of NK Cells and Lymphocytes Using an Extract Prepared from Mycelial Culture of Ophiocordyceps sinensis

    Sun-Hee Jang,1 Jisang Park,2 Seung-Hwan Jang,3 Soo-Wan Chae,4,5 Su-Jin Jung,5 Byung-Ok So,5 Ki-Chan Ha,6 Hong-Sig Sin,3 and Yong-Suk Jang1,2
      • 1Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
      • 2Department of Bioactive Materials and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
      • 3Chebigen Inc., Jeonju 54853, Korea.
      • 4Department of Pharmacology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
      • 5Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
      • 6Healthcare Claims & Management Inc., Jeonju 54896, Korea.
    • Corresponding Author. Yong-Suk Jang, Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Dukjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Korea. Tel: 82-63-270-3343; Fax: 82-63-270-4312; Email: yongsuk@jbnu.ac.kr
    Received February 05, 2016; Revised April 08, 2016; Accepted April 11, 2016.

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

    Abstract

    Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a natural fungus that has been valued as a health food and used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. The fungus is parasitic and colonizes insect larva. Naturally occurring O. sinensis thrives at high altitude in cold and grassy alpine meadows on the Himalayan mountain ranges. Wild Ophiocordyceps is becoming increasingly rare in its natural habitat, and its price limits its use in clinical practice. Therefore, the development of a standardized alternative is a great focus of research to allow the use of Ophiocordyceps as a medicine. To develop an alternative for wild Ophiocordyceps, a refined standardized extract, CBG-CS-2, was produced by artificial fermentation and extraction of the mycelial strain Paecilomyces hepiali CBG-CS-1, which originated from wild O. sinensis. In this study, we analyzed the in vitro immune-modulating effect of CBG-CS-2 on natural killer cells and B and T lymphocytes. CBG-CS-2 stimulated splenocyte proliferation and enhanced Th1-type cytokine expression in the mouse splenocytes. Importantly, in vitro CBG-CS-2 treatment enhanced the killing activity of the NK-92MI natural killer cell line. These results indicate that the mycelial culture extract prepared from Ophiocordyceps exhibits immune-modulating activity, as was observed in vivo and this suggests its possible use in the treatment of diseases caused by abnormal immune function.

    Keywords
    O. sinensis; Immune modulation; Mycelial extract; NK cell

    INTRODUCTION

    Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. is a parasitic fungus that colonizes insect larva and pupa, forming a parasitic complex composed of the dead body of a caterpillar and fungal stroma (1). The genus Ophiocordyceps is part of Claviciptaceae of the Ascomycetes family and more than 400 species are distributed worldwide (2, 3, 4, 5). Ophiocordyceps sinensis is well known in traditional Chinese medicine and exhibits a variety of health-promoting effects including immune-modulating, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities (6). In addition, it has been suggested that O. sinensis can be used to restore kidney function and relieve lung symptoms. It can also be used for the treatment of fatigue, night sweating, hyposexuality, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, asthenia after severe illness, respiratory disease, renal dysfunction, renal failure, liver disease, arrhythmias and other heart diseases (7, 8, 9, 10).

    Biochemical analysis of O. sinensis revealed several active constituents including mannitol, nucleosides, ergosterol, aminophenol, and trace elements (11). Some polysaccharide components and cordycepin, which showed anticancer activity in preliminary in vitro and animal studies, have been isolated from O. sinensis (12). O. sinensis has been used to protect the bone marrow and digestive system of mice from the damaging effects of whole body irradiation (13). A chemical compound isolated from O. sinensis displayed potential protective activity against liver damage (14). Researchers have also noted that a polysaccharide from O. sinensis has hypoglycemic effects and may be beneficial for patients with insulin resistance (15, 16, 17, 18, 19). O. sinensis has also been reported to have immune-modulating activities including anti-infective activity and modulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation (20), and extract prepared from O. sinensis was shown to enhance cytokine activity (7).

    Naturally occurring O. sinensis thrives at high altitudes in cold and grassy alpine meadows on the Himalayan mountain ranges, which include Tibet, Nepal, and the Chinese provinces of Sichuan, Gansu, Hubei, Zhejiang, Shanxi, Guizhon, Qinghai, and Yunnan. Wild Ophiocordyceps is increasingly rare in its natural habitats, and its price makes it out of reach for practical use in medicine. The need to obtain a refined standardized product of O. sinensis makes artificial culture of O. sinensis and/or fungal mycelia an area of great research interest. We prepared a refined standardized product, CBG-CS-2, through artificial fermentation and extraction of the mycelial strain Paecilomyces hepiali (CBG-CS-1), which originated from wild O. sinensis. We previously reported the in vivo immune modulating activity of CBG-CS-2 through oral administration experiments (21). Here, we analyzed the in vitro immunemodulating effect of CBG-CS-2, specifically on B and T lymphocyte stimulation and natural killer (NK) cell activity.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Chemicals, laboratory equipment, and experimental animals

    Unless otherwise specified, chemicals and laboratory equipment used in this study were obtained from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) and SPL Life Sciences (Pocheon, Korea), respectively. BALB/c mice were purchased from Charles River Technology through Orient Bio, Inc. (Sungnam, Korea) and were maintained under general specific pathogen-free conditions with food and water ad libitum. Experimental procedures using mice were approved by the institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Chonbuk National University (Approval No. CBU 2014-00060) and followed guidelines suggested by the committee.

    Preparation of a standardized product, CBG-CS-2

    A strain of Paecilomyces hepiali, CBG-CS-1, from the collection at the Chebigen, Inc. (Jeonju, Korea) was initially grown on potato-dextrose agar medium in Petri dishes. It was then transferred to a seed culture medium (4% dextrose, 1% yeast extract, and 1% peptone). The seed culture was again transferred to a 500-ml flask containing a nutritive medium with 100 mL 2% potato-dextrose broth and grown at 25℃ in a shaking incubator (150 rpm for 5 days). The culture was then transferred to a stirred tank fermenter containing a culture medium of 4% dextrose, 1% yeast extract, and 1% peptone with a 10% (v/v) working volume and then fermented for 5 days at 150 rpm. The fermented product was concentrated to 10% of the initial volume using a vacuum concentrator and an extractor at 80℃. The extract was freeze-dried and used as the extract (CBG-CS-2) of the cultured mycelium of Paecilomyces hepiali in this study. The main components of the CBG-CS-2 were analyzed to be cordyceps polysaccharide (30%), D-mannitol (7.3%), adenosine (1.3%), and cordycepin (0.01%).

    Splenocyte proliferation assay

    Splenocyte proliferation was determined using a thymidine incorporation assay. Splenocytes were isolated from the mice (6~7 week-old) and distributed into each well of a 96-well culture plate (1×105 cells) with 1 µg/ml concanavalin A (ConA) or 2 µg/ml LPS, together with various concentrations of CBG-CS-2. The plates were incubated for approximately 44 hours and then 0.5 µCi of [3H]-TdR (Amersham Life Science, Buckinghamshire, UK) was added to each well as a pulse to assess cell proliferation. After a 12-hour chase incubation, the cells were collected with a 96-well cell harvester (Inotech, Dottikon, Switzerland), and the incorporated tritium content was counted using a liquid scintillation counter (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). Stimulation indices were calculated by dividing the tritium incorporation (cpm) in cells treated with the sample with the incorporation in control cells treated with PBS.

    Analysis of cytokine expression by splenocytes

    In order to analyze cytokine production in splenocytes, the cells (5×106) were distributed into each well of a 24-well plate and stimulated with Con A (2 µg/ml), together with various concentrations of CBG-CS-2. The culture medium was collected 48 hours after stimulation and the expression levels of various cytokines were measured using a BD Cytometric Bead Array mouse cytokine kit (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) according to the manufacturer's recommendation. The results were analyzed using FCAP Array software.

    Non-specific cytotoxicity of CBG-CS-2

    The non-specific cytotoxicity of CBG-CS-2 against an NK cell line, NK-92MI, kindly provided by Dr. D. Cho (Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea), was examined by determining the optimal concentration of CBG-CS-2 that activates the NK-92MI cells, without killing the cells. NK-92MI cells (1×105 cells/ml) were incubated with various concentrations of CBG-CS-2 for 24-144 hrs at 37℃. Cells were then harvested and washed with PBS. Finally, the cells were stained with trypan blue and cell viability was calculated.

    Assay for natural killer cell activity

    NK cell activity was measured by the 51Cr release assay, using K562 (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) as target cells. Initially, K562 target cells were labeled with 100 µCi of chromium-51 radionuclide (Perkin-Elmer). In order to prepare effector cells, NK-92MI cells (1×105 cells/ml) were incubated with various concentrations of CBG-CS-2 sample for 72-144 hrs and then harvested. The cells were washed and used for 51Cr release assay for measuring NK cell activity.

    The 51Cr release assay was performed as described previously (22) with minor modifications. Various numbers of NK-92MI effector cells in 100-µl volumes were plated in the wells of a round-bottomed 96-well plate, and 51Cr-labeled K562 target cells (1×104 cells/50 µl) were added and incubated for 4 hrs. After incubation, cell-free supernatants were collected and the level of 51Cr release was measured using a gamma counter (Packard Instrument, Meriden, CT, USA). Maximum release was induced by the addition of 100 µl of 5% Triton X-100 and spontaneous release was measured in the presence of 100 µl of medium only. NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity was defined as the percentage of specific lysis using the following equation: Specific lysis (%)=(Experimental release-Spontaneous release)/(Maximum release-Spontaneous release)×100.

    Statistical analysis

    Statistical analyses were performed using SigmaPlot™ (Systat Software, Chicago, IL, USA). Results are presented as the mean±standard error (SE). The unpaired Student's t-test was used to compare groups, and p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    CBG-CS-2 promoted splenocyte proliferation in vitro

    To assess the influence of CBG-CS-2 on in vitro immune cell stimulation, splenocyte proliferation was measured after in vitro incubation of the cells with various concentrations of CBG-CS-2 (Fig. 1). When we measured the in vitro CBG-CS-2-mediated splenocyte proliferation after adding T cell mitogen, Con A, approximately 40% increase in splenocyte proliferation was observed at 10 ng/ml of CBG-CS-2 compared to the control (Fig. 1A). Similarly, approximately 40% increase in splenocyte proliferation was observed compared to the control when 10 ng/ml of CBG-CS-2 was added together with a B cell mitogen, LPS, in vitro (Fig. 1B). Furthermore, the addition of CBG-CS-2 at 10-fold higher concentration (100 ng/ml) together with LPS, led to approximately 60% increase in splenocyte proliferation. However, addition of CBG-CS-2 at 1,000-fold higher concentration (1 µg/ml) slightly inhibited splenocyte proliferation in both Con A-treated and LPS-treated cells, although the levels were still higher than those obtained in control experiments without the addition of CBG-CS-2. Importantly, we could not detect any changes in splenocyte proliferation when either a placebo or a CBG-CS-2 alone was used to stimulate splenocytes in vitro (data not shown). These results suggest that CBG-CS-2 stimulates the non-specific proliferation of T and B lymphocytes in vitro.

    Figure 1
    Level of splenocyte proliferation induced by various concentrations of in vitro CBG-CS-2 treatment together with (A) T cell mitogen, Con A and (B) B cell mitogen, LPS. Stimulation indices were calculated by dividing the CPM of the sample from the CBG-CSG-2 treatment with that of the control non-treated sample. The CPM of the control non-treated sample was (A) 75,298.67±1997.07 and (B) 8,857.67±242.61.

    CBG-CS-2 promoted Th1-type cytokine expression after in vitro stimulation of splenocytes

    We next determined the type of T cells stimulated in vitro by CBG-CS-2. Among the various cytokines measured from the cell culture supernatant after in vitro stimulation of splenocytes by CBG-CS-2, we detected increased expression of the Th1-type cytokine, IFN-γ (Fig. 2). As shown in Fig. 2, as low as 1 µg/ml CBG-CS-2 treatment significantly enhanced the expression (p<0.001, 27.78 pg/ml) of IFN-γ. However, we did not observe the same effects on IFN-γ expression when a placebo was added. Importantly, we could not detect the expression of the representative Th2-type cytokine, IL-4, at any CBG-CS-2 concentrations tested (data not shown). Consequently, we concluded that CBG-CS-2 stimulates Th1-type cells in vitro suggesting its capability to stimulate cell-mediated immunity.

    Figure 2
    Stimulation of Th1-type cytokine expression by in vitro stimulation of splenocytes with CBG-CS-2. Levels of IFN-γ in the splenocyte culture supernatant after in vitro stimulation with the indicated concentration of CBG-CS-2 or placebo were determined in the presence of 1 µg/ml ConA. ***p<0.001 indicates a significant difference in the results obtained.

    In vitro CBG-CS-2 treatment is capable of stimulating NK cell activity

    We next determined whether in vitro treatment of cells with CBG-CS-2 could result in the stimulation of NK cell activity in NK-92MI NK cell line (Fig. 3). Incubation of NK-92MI cells with CBG-CS-2 over 24-48 hrs did not enhance the cytotoxicity; however, incubation of NK-92MI cells with CBG-CS-2 for 120 hrs resulted in the highest cytotoxicity against K562 target cells (data not shown). When we measured the NK cell activity using 51Cr-labeled K562 cells as target cells, incubation of NK-92MI cells with as little as 1 µg/ml CBG-CS-2 for 144 hrs significantly (p<0.001) enhanced the cytotoxic activity of the cells (Fig. 3A). In addition, we detected a strong correlation between E:T ratio and the level of CBG-CS-stimulated NK-92MI-mediated cytotoxicity against K562 target cells (Fig. 3B). Importantly, we could not detect NK-92MI-mediated cytotoxicity against K562 target cells when a placebo was used. Therefore, we concluded that in vitro treatment with CBG-CS-2 is capable of potentiating the cytotoxicity of NK-92MI NK cells against K562 target cells.

    Figure 3
    Stimulating activity of in vitro treatment of CBG-CS-2 on NK-92MI-mediated cytotoxicity against K562 target cells. (A) NK-92MI cells were stimulated with CBG-CS-2 for 144 hrs and incubated with 51 Cr-labelled K562 target cells with an E:T ratio of 200:1. A similar pattern of cytotoxicity was observed when E:T ratios of 100:1 and 50:1 were used (data not shown). (B) NK-92MI cells were stimulated with either CBG-CS-2 or a placebo for 144 hrs and incubated with 51 Cr-labelled K562 target cells with indicated E:T ratios. ***p<0.001 indicates a significant difference in the results obtained.

    Collectively, to develop a standardized alternative to wild Ophiocordyceps, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, we produced a refined product (CBG-CS-2) from a mycelial culture of Paecilomyces hepiali, which originated from wild O. sinensis. We tested its ability to stimulate T and B lymphocytes and NK cell activity. As was reported in in vivo oral administration experiments previously, we confirmed that CBG-CS-2 directly stimulates Th1-type immune cells. In addition, CBG-CS-2 enhances NK cells activity as was shown in in vivo oral administration experiments (21).

    Notes

    CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:The authors have no financial conflict of interest.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

    This study was supported by a contract with Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (MAFRA)/Korea National Food Cluster (FOODPOLIS) to Dr. S.-W. Chae. Mr. J. Park was supported by the BK21 Plus program in the Department of Bioactive Material Sciences.

    References

      1. Sung JM, Lee HK, Choi YS, Kim YY, Kim SH, Sung GH. Distribution and taxonomy of entomopathogenicfungal species from Korea. Korean J Mycol 1997;25:239–252.
      1. Sung JM, Kim CH, Yang KJ, Lee HK, Kim YS. Studies on distribution and utilization of Cordyceps militaris and C. nutans. Korean J Mycol 1993;21:94–105.
      1. Sung JM, Lee HK, Yoo YJ, Choi YS, Kim SH, Kim YO, Sung SH. Classification of Cordyceps species based on protein banding pattern. Korean J Mycol 1998;26:1–7.
      1. Sung GH, Hywel-Jones NL, Sung JM, Luangsa-ard JJ, Shrestha B, Spatafora JW. Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi. Stud Mycol 2007;57:5–59.
      1. Jang YS, Hong SW. Notes on unrecorded fresh fungi of Cordyceps in Korea. Korean J Mycol 1986;14:85–88.
      1. Tuli HS, Sandhu SS, Sharma AK. Pharmacological and therapeutic of Cordyceps with special reference to Codycepin. 3 Biotech 2014;4:1–12.
      1. Holliday JC, Cleaver MP. Medicinal value of the caterpillar fungi species of the genus Cordyceps (Fr.) Link (Ascomycetes). A review. Int J Med Mushr 2008;10:219–234.
      1. Wang SY, Shiao MS. Pharmacological functions of Chinese medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis and related species. J Food Drug Anal 2000;8:248–257.
      1. Zhou X, Gong Z, Su Y, Lin J, Tang K. Cordyceps fungi: natural products, pharmacological functions and developmental products. J Pharm Pharmacol 2009;61:279–291.
      1. Zhu JS, Halpern GM, Jones K. The scientific rediscovery of an ancient Chinese herbal medicine: Cordyceps sinensis. J Altern Complement Med 1998;4:289–303.
      1. Siu KM, Mak DHF, Chiu PY, Poon MKT, Du Y, Ko KM. Pharmrcological basis of 'Yin-nourishing' and 'Yang-invigorating' actions of Cordyceps, a Chinese tonifying herb. Life Sci 2004;76:385–395.
      1. Khan MA, Tania M, Zhang D, Chen H. Cordyceps mushroom: A potent anticancer nutraceutical. Open Nutraceut J 2010;3:179–183.
      1. Liu WC, Wang SC, Tsai ML, Chen MC, Wang YC, Hong JH, McBride WH, Chiang CS. Protection against radiation-induced bone marrow and intestinal injuries by Cordyceps sinensis, a Chinese herbal medicine. Radiat Res 2006;166:900–907.
      1. Ko WS, Hsu SL, Chyau CC, Chen KC, Peng RY. Compound Cordyceps TCM-700C exhibits potent hepatoprotective capability in animal model. Fitoterapia 2010;81:1–7.
      1. Kiho T, Hui J, Yamane A, Ukai S. Polysaccharides in fungi. XXXII. Hypoglycemic activity and chemical properties of a polysaccharide from the cultural mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis. Biol Pharm Bull 1993;16:1291–1293.
      1. Kiho T, Yamane A, Hui J, Usui S, Ukai S. Polysaccharides in fungi. XXXVI. Hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide (CS-F30) from the cultural mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis and its effect on glucose metabolism in mouse liver. Biol Pharm Bull 1996;19:294–296.
      1. Zhao CS, Yin WT, Wang JY, Zhang Y, Yu H, Cooper R, Smidt C, Zhu JS. CordyMax Cs-4 improves glucose metabolism and increases insulin sensitivity in normal rats. J Altern Complement Med 2002;8:309–314.
      1. Lo HC, Tu ST, Lin KC, Lin SC. The anti-hyperglycemic activity of the fruiting body of Cordyceps in diabetic rats induced by nicotinamide and streptozotocin. Life Sci 2004;74:2897–2908.
      1. Li SP, Zhang GH, Zeng Q, Huang ZG, Wang YT, Dong TTX, Tsim KWK. Hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharide, with antioxidation, isolated from cultured Cordyceps mycelia. Phytomedicine 2006;13:428–433.
      1. Kuo CF, Chen CC, Luo YH, Huang RY, Chuang WJ, Sheu CC, Lin YS. Cordyceps sinensis mycelium protects mice from group A streptococcal infection. J Med Microbiol 2005;54:795–802.
      1. Jang SH, Kim SH, Lee HY, Jang SH, Jang H, Chae SW, Jung SJ, So BO, Ha KC, Sin HS, Jang YS. Immune-modulating activity of extract prepared from mycelial culture of Chinese caterpillar mushroom, Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Ascomycetes). Int J Med Mushrooms 2015;17:1189–1199.
      1. Langhans B, Ahrendt M, Nattermann J, Sauerbruch T, Spengler U. Comparative study of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity using radioactive and flow cytometric cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods 2005;306:161–168.
    Cited by
    Crossref 3
    Google Scholar 
    PubMed Central 2
    Web of Science 2
    MeSH Terms
    Altitude
    Animals
    Colon
    Ecosystem
    Fermentation
    Food, Organic
    Fungi
    Homicide
    Insects
    Killer Cells, Natural*
    Larva
    Lymphocytes*
    Medicine, Chinese Traditional
    Mice
    Paecilomyces
    T-Lymphocytes
    Metrics
    Share
    Links to
    Figures
    slide
    slide
    slide

    1 / 3

    Funding Information
    PERMALINK