Available energy content, nutrients digestibility of chili meal and effects on performance of growing pigs

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.05.001Get rights and content

Highlights

  • Chili meal is classified as a roughage due to its high dietary fiber content.

  • Chili meal has moderate DE, ME and nutrients digestibility for growing pigs.

  • Addition of chili meal have adverse effect on ADG and ATTD of nutrients.

  • The combination of 50 g/kg chili meal and proper soybean has no significant negative effects for growing pigs.

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) content, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients in chili meal (CM), and to determine the effects of CM on the performance of growing pigs. In Exp. 1, 12 barrows (Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire) with an initial body weight (BW) of 50.9 ± 1.8 kg were allocated to one of two treatments, corn-soybean meal basal diet or diet containing 194.2 g/kg CM, which replaced corn and soybean meal in the basal diet. Pigs were placed in metabolism crates for a 7-d adaptation period followed by a 5-d total collection of feces and urine to detect DE, ME and ATTD of nutrients in CM. Exp. 2 was conducted for 4 wk. to evaluate the effect of CM on performance of growing pigs. 150 growing pigs (58.4 ± 1.2 kg BW) were allocated to 1 of 5 treatments. Treatment 1 was a corn-soybean meal basal diet met the DE requirement for growing pigs recommended by NRC (2012). Treatment 2 or 3 were diets containing 50 g/kg or 100 g/kg CM respectively. Treatment: 4 or 5 were based on treatment 2 or 3, while soybean oil (SBO) was added to improve the DE content to that in treatment 1. In Exp. 1, the DE and ME content of CM were 9.08 and 8.48 MJ/kg. The ATTD of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were 0.60, 0.54, 0.66 and 0.38, respectively. In Exp. 2, addition of CM linearly decreased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and the ATTD of DM, GE and OM while ATTD of crude protein (CP) had a quadratic (P < 0.05) change. When SBO was supplemented in diets containing CM, greater values (P < 0.05) of ATTD of most nutrients were observed. With the dietary inclusion of CM, the albumin/globulin ratio in serum had a quadratic change (P < 0.05), and the level of low-density cholesterol linearly (P < 0.05) increased. In treatments with 50 g/kg CM, a significant reduction (P < 0.05) of total antioxidant capacity was found in diet formulated with SBO. In treatments with 100 g/kg CM, the level of total cholesterol was lower (P < 0.05) in the diet with SBO. In conclusion, CM had moderate energy density and nutrients digestibility in pig diets. 50 g/kg CM with SBO in diets could be fed to growing pigs with no significant negative effects.

Introduction

Chili, the capsicum fruit, is a kind of popular vegetables. It can be eaten freshly or processed to chili powder and chili jam etc. The chemical composition of chili has been reasonably well documented. Abundant nutrients in chili include vitamins (C, E), β-carotene and carotenoid pigments (Palevitch and Craker, 1996), which appear to be critically important in preventing chronic and age-related diseases (Minguez-Mosquera and Hornero-Mendez, 1994). In recent years, a growing number of chili was processed deeply to extract capsaicinoids, because they are important in the pharmaceutical industry for treatment of neurological disorders. Chili meal (CM), as the by-product of capsicum oleoresin extraction, is a potential source of feed material for abundant nutrients and increasing output.

In 2014, the world production of chili was 462955 ton and as the biggest producer, consumer and exporting country, the overall output in China was 32891 ton (FAO). When capsaicin is extracted form dried chili peel, more than 80% CM was left. However, being lack of research, most of the CM was ignored and discarded which leads to severe wasting of resources and environmental pollution. It is very important and necessary to develop CM as a new source of feed, because it can promote the utilization of CM and reduce the feeding cost. The research about CM in swine production seem empty in the world and vast research is needed to exploit potentialities of CM. Firstly, a digestion and metabolism experiment is wanted to provide an essential data about utilizability of CM in swine diet. Furthermore, Goncalves et al. (2012) reported that Brazilian red pepper meal (BRPM) contains tannins thus it needs to be evaluated through liver function and animal performance. When 78.9 g/kg CM was fed to broilers reared under high stocking density, greater growth performance and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum were observed (Thiamhirunsopit et al., 2014). It suggested that CM can enhance antioxidant capacity for broilers. In order to study the effect of CM in swine production, a feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance, nutrients digestibility, antioxidant index and conventional physiological and biochemical indexes in serum.

Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding value of CM for growing pigs and played a guidance role when it was applied in production.

Section snippets

Materials and methods

All procedures used in these experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of China Agricultural University (Beijing, China). These experiments were conducted in the Metabolism Laboratory and Finishing Facility of the Fengning Pig Experimental Base (Hebei Province, China).

The processing methods of CM in China are similar and the main difference is the organic solvent when capsicum oleoresin was extracted. CM in present experiment was purchased from Chenguang

Experiment 1. Nutrients concentration, digestibility, digestible and metabolizable energy content in chili meal

The GE in CM was 18.91 MJ/kg (DM basis; Table 1). The concentration of CP, ash, and crude fiber (CF) were 177.7, 110.3 and 246.8 g/kg respectively. There was no significant difference in the GE intake between the basal diet and CM diet (Table 4). The CM diet fed group had greater (P < 0.01) dry feces output, GE in dry feces, and fecal GE output than the basal diet group. As a consequence, values for DE, ME, and ME/DE, DE/GE and ME/GE ratio were less (P < 0.05) in the CM diet, and pigs fed the CM diet

Nutrients content, DE, ME, and nutrients digestibility of chili meal

The concentration of CP and ash in CM were 177.7 and 110.3 g/kg in this experiment, which were greater than the values (150.0 and 80.3 g/kg, respectively) reported by Thiamhirunsopit et al. (2014), but the concentrations of CF, Ca, P and EE (246.8, 3.92, 3.70 and 4.03 g/kg, respectively) in this study were lower than those in their report (253.0, 20.3, 6.9, 115 g/kg, respectively). This discrepancy might result from factors, such as different varieties and environments under which the chili was

Conclusion

The present study demonstrated that inclusion of chili meal in swine diets, as a novel fibrous feedstuff, results in moderate DE, ME and nutrients digestibility for growing pigs. The inclusion of chili meal decreases the average daily gain and digestibility of most nutrients. Supplementation of CM diets with soybean oil increases the average daily gain and digestibility of nutrients. The combination of 50 g/kg chili meal and proper soybean has no significant negative effects for growing pigs.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Special Public Sector Fund in Agriculture (201303079) and 111 Project (B16044). The authors express their appreciation to China Agriculture University Animal Experiment Base (Fengning, China) for use of animals and assistance with animal care and feeding throughout the study and the staff of Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre (Beijing, China) for sample analyses. We also acknowledge Chenguang Biotech Group Co., Ltd (Handan, China) for providing the

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