Available energy content, nutrients digestibility of chili meal and effects on performance of growing pigs
Introduction
Chili, the capsicum fruit, is a kind of popular vegetables. It can be eaten freshly or processed to chili powder and chili jam etc. The chemical composition of chili has been reasonably well documented. Abundant nutrients in chili include vitamins (C, E), β-carotene and carotenoid pigments (Palevitch and Craker, 1996), which appear to be critically important in preventing chronic and age-related diseases (Minguez-Mosquera and Hornero-Mendez, 1994). In recent years, a growing number of chili was processed deeply to extract capsaicinoids, because they are important in the pharmaceutical industry for treatment of neurological disorders. Chili meal (CM), as the by-product of capsicum oleoresin extraction, is a potential source of feed material for abundant nutrients and increasing output.
In 2014, the world production of chili was 462955 ton and as the biggest producer, consumer and exporting country, the overall output in China was 32891 ton (FAO). When capsaicin is extracted form dried chili peel, more than 80% CM was left. However, being lack of research, most of the CM was ignored and discarded which leads to severe wasting of resources and environmental pollution. It is very important and necessary to develop CM as a new source of feed, because it can promote the utilization of CM and reduce the feeding cost. The research about CM in swine production seem empty in the world and vast research is needed to exploit potentialities of CM. Firstly, a digestion and metabolism experiment is wanted to provide an essential data about utilizability of CM in swine diet. Furthermore, Goncalves et al. (2012) reported that Brazilian red pepper meal (BRPM) contains tannins thus it needs to be evaluated through liver function and animal performance. When 78.9 g/kg CM was fed to broilers reared under high stocking density, greater growth performance and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum were observed (Thiamhirunsopit et al., 2014). It suggested that CM can enhance antioxidant capacity for broilers. In order to study the effect of CM in swine production, a feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance, nutrients digestibility, antioxidant index and conventional physiological and biochemical indexes in serum.
Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding value of CM for growing pigs and played a guidance role when it was applied in production.
Section snippets
Materials and methods
All procedures used in these experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of China Agricultural University (Beijing, China). These experiments were conducted in the Metabolism Laboratory and Finishing Facility of the Fengning Pig Experimental Base (Hebei Province, China).
The processing methods of CM in China are similar and the main difference is the organic solvent when capsicum oleoresin was extracted. CM in present experiment was purchased from Chenguang
Experiment 1. Nutrients concentration, digestibility, digestible and metabolizable energy content in chili meal
The GE in CM was 18.91 MJ/kg (DM basis; Table 1). The concentration of CP, ash, and crude fiber (CF) were 177.7, 110.3 and 246.8 g/kg respectively. There was no significant difference in the GE intake between the basal diet and CM diet (Table 4). The CM diet fed group had greater (P < 0.01) dry feces output, GE in dry feces, and fecal GE output than the basal diet group. As a consequence, values for DE, ME, and ME/DE, DE/GE and ME/GE ratio were less (P < 0.05) in the CM diet, and pigs fed the CM diet
Nutrients content, DE, ME, and nutrients digestibility of chili meal
The concentration of CP and ash in CM were 177.7 and 110.3 g/kg in this experiment, which were greater than the values (150.0 and 80.3 g/kg, respectively) reported by Thiamhirunsopit et al. (2014), but the concentrations of CF, Ca, P and EE (246.8, 3.92, 3.70 and 4.03 g/kg, respectively) in this study were lower than those in their report (253.0, 20.3, 6.9, 115 g/kg, respectively). This discrepancy might result from factors, such as different varieties and environments under which the chili was
Conclusion
The present study demonstrated that inclusion of chili meal in swine diets, as a novel fibrous feedstuff, results in moderate DE, ME and nutrients digestibility for growing pigs. The inclusion of chili meal decreases the average daily gain and digestibility of most nutrients. Supplementation of CM diets with soybean oil increases the average daily gain and digestibility of nutrients. The combination of 50 g/kg chili meal and proper soybean has no significant negative effects for growing pigs.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Special Public Sector Fund in Agriculture (201303079) and 111 Project (B16044). The authors express their appreciation to China Agriculture University Animal Experiment Base (Fengning, China) for use of animals and assistance with animal care and feeding throughout the study and the staff of Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre (Beijing, China) for sample analyses. We also acknowledge Chenguang Biotech Group Co., Ltd (Handan, China) for providing the
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