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Cellular enrichment through microfluidic fractionation based on cell biomechanical properties

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Abstract

The biomechanical properties of populations of diseased cells are shown to have differences from healthy populations of cells, yet the overlap of these biomechanical properties can limit their use in disease cell enrichment and detection. We report a new microfluidic cell enrichment technology that continuously fractionates cells through differences in biomechanical properties, resulting in highly pure cellular subpopulations. Cell fractionation is achieved in a microfluidic channel with an array of diagonal ridges that are designed to segregate biomechanically distinct cells to different locations in the channel. Due to the imposition of elastic and viscous forces during cellular compression, which are a function of cell biomechanical properties including size and viscoelasticity, larger, stiffer and less viscous cells migrate parallel to the diagonal ridges and exhibit positive lateral displacement. On the other hand, smaller, softer and more viscous cells migrate perpendicular to the diagonal ridges due to circulatory flow induced by the ridges and result in negative lateral displacement. Multiple outlets are then utilized to collect cells with finer gradation of differences in cell biomechanical properties. The result is that cell fractionation dramatically improves cell separation efficiency compared to binary outputs and enables the measurement of subtle biomechanical differences within a single cell type. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we mix two different leukemia cell lines (K562 and HL60) and utilize cell fractionation to achieve over 45-fold enhancement of cell populations, with high-purity cellular enrichment (90–99 %) of each cell line. In addition, we demonstrate cell fractionation of a single cell type (K562 cells) into subpopulations and characterize the variations of biomechanical properties of the separated cells with atomic force microscopy. These results will be beneficial to obtaining label-free separation of cellular mixtures or to better investigate the origins of biomechanical differences in a single cell type.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by NSF project number CBET-0932510, TI:GER program at Scheller College of Business at Georgia Tech, the Regenerative Engineering and Medicine Seed Grant, and the President’s Undergraduate Research Award (PURA) program at Georgia Tech. The authors would like to thank Dr. Wilbur Lam, Dr. Wenbin Mao, Dr. Hang Lu and Dr. Peter Hesketh for helpful discussions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0405, USA

    Gonghao Wang, Alexander Alexeev & Todd Sulchek

  2. Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0535, USA

    Cory Turbyfield, Kaci Crawford & Todd Sulchek

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  1. Gonghao Wang
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  2. Cory Turbyfield
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  3. Kaci Crawford
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  4. Alexander Alexeev
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  5. Todd Sulchek
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Correspondence to Todd Sulchek.

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Wang, G., Turbyfield, C., Crawford, K. et al. Cellular enrichment through microfluidic fractionation based on cell biomechanical properties. Microfluid Nanofluid 19, 987–993 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-015-1608-y

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