Nano Today
ReviewNanomedicines for endothelial disorders
Section snippets
Endothelial function and dysfunction
The endothelium is a semi-selective barrier that lines vessels, controls their degree of permeability toward biologically active molecules via membrane-bound receptors, and regulates blood clotting (thrombosis and fibrinolysis), inflammation, blood pressure (vasoconstriction and vasodilation), and leukocyte trafficking [1]. The endothelium is anchored to the extracellular matrix through focal adhesions that are controlled by transmembrane integrins (e.g. αvβ3, α2β1, α5β1) [2] and to
Nanomedicine for endothelial disorder-associated diseases
Nanomedicine – the application of nanotechnology to medical diagnostics and therapies – encompasses the rapidly expanding field of drug delivery using nanoparticles (NPs) [34]. A variety of materials have been used to formulate nanomedicines for drug delivery and imaging applications to date. These range from lipids (micelles [35] and liposomes [36]) to polymers [37], [38] and lipid–polymer hybrids [39], [40], as well as organic precursors (dendrimers) [41], carbon (carbon nanotubes and pipes)
Endothelial disorder in major pathologies and the nanomedicine research
A malfunctioning endothelium has critical implications; it is closely involved with the pathogenesis of many diseases and conditions. We highlight the features of EnD-associated diseases, along with selected samples of corresponding nanomedicine therapies being studied (Table 1). Many EnD-associated diseases including diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cancer have common inducers (Fig. 3a). These diseases have common endothelial pathologies, such as disordered cell junctions within endothelial cell
Concluding remarks and future perspectives
Understanding EnD is critical for the advancement of translational nanomedicine in the treatment of many EnD-associated diseases. Targeting the dysfunctional endothelium, specifically the common pathogenic factors that cause its dysfunction, may provide a method for treating multiple disorders simultaneously. Notably, NPs may be used to aid the treatment of EnD that involves life-threatening conditions such as stroke, ALI, and ischemia. For instance, successful targeting of the VEGF pathway for
Competing financial interests
R.L. and O.C.F. have financial interests in BIND Therapeutics, Selecta Biosciences, and Blend Therapeutics, which are developing nanoparticle technologies for medical applications. These companies did not support the aforementioned research and currently have no rights to any technology or intellectual property developed as part of this research. All other authors declare no conflicts.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as a Program of Excellence in Nanotechnology (PEN) Award, Contract #HHSN268201000045C (Z.A.F. and R.L.), the National Cancer Institute Grant CA151884 (R.L. and O.C.F.), the David H. Koch–Prostate Cancer Foundation Award in Nanotherapeutics (R.L. and O.C.F.), ACTSI Emory/GA Tech Regenerative Engineering and Medicine (REM) Seed Grant (Y.K.), the Center for Pediatric
Bomy Lee Chung received her B.S. in chemical and biomolecular engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 2010. She then joined the chemical engineering department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she is a PhD candidate in the laboratory of Dr. Robert Langer. Her research focuses on the design and development of nanoparticles for theranostic (therapeutic + diagnostic) uses.
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These authors contributed equally to this work.