Nano Today
Volume 10, Issue 5, October 2015, Pages 631-655
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Review
RNA as a stable polymer to build controllable and defined nanostructures for material and biomedical applications

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2015.09.003Get rights and content
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Highlights

  • We reviewed the physicochemical properties of polymers that can apply to RNA.

  • We reviewed the unique properties of RNA as a polymer.

  • We reviewed the current methods for the construction of RNA nanostructures.

  • We reviewed the material and biomedical applications of RNA nanostructures.

Summary

The value of polymers is manifested in their vital use as building blocks in material and life sciences. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polynucleic acid, but its polymeric nature in materials and technological applications is often overlooked due to an impression that RNA is seemingly unstable. Recent findings that certain modifications can make RNA resistant to RNase degradation while retaining its authentic folding property and biological function, and the discovery of ultra-thermostable RNA motifs have adequately addressed the concerns of RNA unstability. RNA can serve as a unique polymeric material to build varieties of nanostructures including nanoparticles, polygons, arrays, bundles, membrane, and microsponges that have potential applications in biomedical and material sciences. Since 2005, more than a thousand publications on RNA nanostructures have been published in diverse fields, indicating a remarkable increase of interest in the emerging field of RNA nanotechnology. In this review, we aim to: delineate the physical and chemical properties of polymers that can be applied to RNA; introduce the unique properties of RNA as a polymer; review the current methods for the construction of RNA nanostructures; describe its applications in material, biomedical and computer sciences; and, discuss the challenges and future prospects in this field.

Keywords

Biopolymer
RNA nanotechnology
RNA nanostructure
RNA therapeutics
phi29 DNA packaging motor
pRNA

Cited by (0)

Hui Li, M.S., is currently a Ph.D. candidate in College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky. He graduated from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2011 with a M.S. degree in pharmaceutical sciences and then joined in Prof. Peixuan Guo's lab in 2012 spring. He has a broad training in pharmaceutics, molecular biology, cancer biology and nanobiotechnology. His current research is focusing on RNA nanotechnology and the development of new therapeutics and drug delivery systems based on RNA.

Dr. Taek Lee, Ph.D., is currently a postdoctoral fellow at College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky. He obtained her B.S. from Sogang University, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, South Korea (2008), and Ph.D. from Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University (2013). He has a broad training in chemical engineering, biology, and nanobiotechnology. Dr. Lee's scholarly interest broadly focuses on bioelectronics, biochip and medicine. These include, RNA nanoparticle construction and conjugation for bioelectronics application, therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

Dr. Thomas Dziubla, Ph.D., is the Associate Gill Professor and Director of Graduate Studies in the Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering at the University of Kentucky. He received his B.S. and Ph.D in Chemical Engineering from Purdue University (1998) and Drexel University (2002), respectively. In 2002–2004, he was an NRSA postdoctoral fellow in the Institute for Environmental Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine under the guidance of Dr. Vladimir Muzykantov, where he worked on the design of degradable polymeric nanocarriers for the delivery of antioxidants. His research group is interested in the design of new functional polymeric biomaterials which can actively control local cellular oxidative stress for improved biomaterial integration and disease treatment. He holds 8 patents, has authored over 50 peer reviewed publications and has started several companies that are currently commercializing technologies that have originated from his laboratory.

Fengmei Pi, M.S., is currently a Ph.D. candidate at College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky. She obtained her B.S. and M.S. from China Pharmaceutical University (2007). She worked as a research scientist at Deawoong Pharmaceuticals Co. Korea; and senior formulation scientist in China GSK Consumer Healthcare before joining the University of Kentucky (2012). She has broad training and working experience in pharmaceutical science. Her recent research focused on RNA nanotechnology, developing RNA nanoparticles based aptamers for targeted drug delivery and cancer therapy.

Sijin Guo, B.S., received his B.S. in chemistry from Wuhan University, China in 2014. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate in Prof. Peixuan Guo's lab at University of Kentucky. His research interests include the study of function, mechanism and application of bacteriophage phi29 DNA-packaging nanomotor as well as applications of RNA nanoparticles derived from phi29 packaging RNA (pRNA) in therapeutics delivery, targeting and disease treatment (RNA nanotechnology).

Dr. Jing Xu, Ph.D., is an associate professor at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China. She received her B.S. in Chemistry in 2004 and M.S. in Polymer Science in 2007 from Nankai University, Tianjin, China. In 2012, she received her Ph.D. in Chemistry from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with Professor Joseph M. DeSimone. Her work focuses on development of drug delivery systems for treatment of cancers and prevention of infectious diseases.

Dr. Chan Li, Ph.D., is currently an assistant professor in CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China. She received her Ph.D. degree in chemistry from University of Science and Technology of China in 2012. She worked as a postdoc at Osaka University in Japan before joining National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China in 2014. Dr. Li's research is focused on ligand-modified nanocarrier loading anticancer drugs to circumvent drug resistance, and the formulation and process development of nanomedicines.

Dr. Farzin Haque, Ph.D., is a Research Assistant Professor in the University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences. He received his B.A. degree in Biochemistry and Mathematics (2004) from Lawrence University and a Ph.D. degree in Chemistry (2008) from Purdue University. He held a postdoctoral appointment (2009–2011) at the University of Cincinnati, with Professor Peixuan Guo. Dr. Haque's scholarly interest broadly focuses on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine. These include, nanopore-based technology for single molecule detection and sensing of chemicals and biopolymers; and RNA Nanotechnology - construction of RNA nanoparticles for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

Dr. Xing-Jie Liang, Ph.D., got his Ph.D. at National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics at CAS. He finished his postdoc at Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, and worked as a Research Fellow at Surgical Neurology Branch, NINDS. He worked on Molecular imaging at School of Medicine, Howard University before he became deputy director of CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China. He is a founder member of International Society of Nanomedicine, member of American Association for Cancer Research, and member of American Society of Cell Biology. He is current Associate Editors of ‘Biomaterials’ and ‘Biophysics Report’; Advisory editorial board member of ‘ACS Nano’; Editorial member of ‘Advances in Nano Research’, ‘Current Nanoscience’, ‘Biomaterials Research’, ‘Theranostics’ and guest editor of ‘Biotechnology Advances’. Developing drug delivery strategies for prevention/treatment of AIDS and cancers are current program ongoing in Dr. Liang's lab based on understanding of basic physiochemical and biological processes of nanomedicine.

Dr. Peixuan Guo, Ph.D., is William Farish Endowed Chair in Nanobiotechnology, director of University of Kentucky Nanobiotechnology Center and director of NIH/NCI Cancer Nanotechnology Platform Partnership Program: “RNA Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy”. He obtained his Ph.D from University of Minnesota, and postdoctoral training at NIH, joined Purdue University in 1990, was tenured in 1993, became a full Professor in 1997, and was honored as a Purdue Faculty Scholar in 1998. He constructed phi29 DNA-packaging motor, discovered phi29 motor pRNA, pioneered RNA nanotechnology, incorporated phi29 motor channel into lipid membranes for single-molecule sensing with potential for high-throughput dsDNA sequencing. He is a member of two prominent national nanotech initiatives sponsored by NIH, NSF, NIST, and National Council of Nanotechnology, director of one NIH Nanomedicine Development Center from 2006–2011. His work was featured hundreds of times over radio, TV such as ABC, NBC, newsletters NIH, NSF, MSNBC, NCI, and ScienceNow. He was a member of NIH/NCI intramural site-visit Review Panel at 2010 and 2014, and a member of the Examination and Review Panel (Oversea Expert) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences since 2014.