Abstract
Introduction
In olfaction, odors typically engage the lungs on the way to the nose to evoke retronasal smell. This is most notable not only when the lung has a first pass effect during smoking/vaping but also upon exhaling after sniffing an odor. The lungs act as a sink for odors, which can both reduce the retronasal odor concentration and the odor mixture makeup.
Materials and Methods
Lung retention is a simple measure that quantifies the effectiveness of the sink. Lung retention has been studied in the context of environmental toxicology and is known for many volatile organic compounds. Published lung retention data was used to explore its potential to affect different modes of olfaction.
Results and Discussion
Available data on human lung retention suggests that the lungs may have a large impact on odor perception and that this may depend heavily on the specifics of active sampling such as sniffing, smoking, and vaping. Suggestions are included for transient measures and models of lung retention.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abraham MH, Ibrahim A, Acree WE Jr (2008) Air to lung partition coefficients for volatile organic compounds and blood to lung partition coefficients for volatile organic compounds and drugs. Eur J Med Chem 43(3):478–485
Baldinger B, Hasenfratz M, Battig K (1995) Switching to ultralow nicotine cigarettes: effects of different tar yields and blocking of olfactory cues. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 50(2):233–239
Burstyn I (2014) Peering through the mist: systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks. BMC Public Health 14(18):1–14
Caldwell B, Sumner W, Crane J (2012) A systematic review of nicotine by inhalation: is there a role for the inhaled route? Nicotine Tob Res 14(10):1127–1139
Chapman S, Wu L-T (2014) E-cigarette prevalence and correlates of use among adolescents versus adults: a review and comparison. J Psychiatr Res 54:43–54
Dent A, Sutedja T, Zimmerman P (2013) Exhaled breath analysis for lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 5(S5):S540–S550
Dubois A, Rogers R (1968) Respiratory factors determining the tissue concentrations of inhaled toxic substances. Respir Physiol 5:34–52
Dunkel A, Steinhaus M, Kotthoff M, Nowak B, Krautwurst D, Schieberle P, Hofmann T (2014) Nature’s chemical signatures in human olfaction: a foodborne perspective for future biotechnology. Angew Chem Int Ed 53:7124–7143
Furudono Y, Cruz G, Lowe G (2013) Glomerular input patterns in the mouse olfactory bulb evoked by retronasal odor stimuli. BMC Neurosci 14:45
Gautam SH, Verhagen JV (2012a) Direct behavioral evidence for retronasal olfaction in rats. PLoS One 7(9), e44781
Gautam SH, Verhagen JV (2012b) Retronasal odor representations in the dorsal olfactory bulb of rats. J Neurosci 32(23):7949–7959
Hodgson M, Linforth R, Taylor A (2003) Simultaneous real-time measurements of mastication, swallowing, nasal airflow, and aroma release. J Agric Food Chem 51:5052–5057
Jakubowski M, Czerczak S (2009) Calculating the retention of volatile organic compounds in the lung on the basis of their physicochemical properties. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 28:311–315
Kleinstreuer C, Feng Y (2013) Lung deposition analyses of inhaled toxic aerosols in conventional and less harmful cigarette smoke: a review. J Environ Res Public Health 10:4454–4485
Kleinstreuer C, Zhang Z (2010) Airflow and particle transport in the human respiratory system. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 42:301–334
Laing DG (1982) Characterization of human behaviour during odour perception. Perception 11:221–230
Landahl HD, Herrmann RG (1950) Retention of vapors and gases in the human nose and lung. Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 1(1):36–45
Marian C, O’Connor R, Djordjevic M, Rees V, Hatsukami D, Shields P (2009) Reconciling human smoking behavior and machine smoking patterns: implications for understanding smoking behavior and the impact on laboratory studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18(12):3305–3320
Morris JB (2001) Overview of upper respiratory tract vapor uptake studies. Inhal Toxicol 13(5):335–345
Mozell MM (1970) Evidence for a chromatographic model of olfaction. J Gen Physiol 56(1):46–63
Mozell MM, Kent PF, Murphy SJ (1991) The effect of flow-rate upon the magnitude of the olfactory response differs for different odorants. Chem Senses 16:631–649
Oh A, Kacker A (2014) Do electronic cigarettes impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional tobacco cigarettes? Review on e-cigarette vapor versus tobacco smoke. Laryngoscope 124:2702–2706
Rebello M, Kandukuru P, Verhagen J (2015) Direct behavioral and neurophysiological evidence for retronasal olfaction in mice. PLOS One 10(2):e0117218. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117218
Robinson J, Pritchard W, Davis R (1992) Psychopharmacological effects of smoking a cigarette with typical “tar” and carbon monoxide yields but minimal nicotine. Psychopharmacology 108:466–472
Rozin P (1982) “Taste-smell confusions” and the duality of the olfactory sense. Percept Psychophysiol 31:397–401
Scherer G (1999) Smoking behaviour and compensation: a review of the literature. Psychopharmocology 145:1–20
Scott JW, Acevedo HP, Sherrill L, Phan M (2007) Responses of the rat olfactory epithelium to retronasal air flow. J Neurophysiol 97(3):1941–1950
Shepherd GM (1988) Neurobiology. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Taylor AJ (1996) Volatile flavor release from foods during eating. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 36(8):765–784
Thrall KD, Weitz KK, Woodstock AD (2002) Use of real-time breath analysis and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to evaluate dermal absorption of aqueous toluene in human volunteers. Toxicol Sci 68(2):280–287
Thrall KD, Schwartz RE, Weitz KK, Soelberg JJ, Foureman GL, Prah JD, Timchalk C (2003) A real-time method to evaluate the nasal deposition and clearance of acetone in the human volunteer. Inhal Toxicol 15(6):523–538
Verhagen JV, Wesson DW, Netoff TI, White JA, Wachowiak M (2007) Sniffing controls an adaptive filter of sensory input to the olfactory bulb. Nat Neurosci 10(5):631–639
Walters D, Luke W (2011) Computational fluid dynamics simulations of particle deposition in large-scale multigenerational lung models. J Biomech Eng 133:1–8
Wesson DW, Verhagen JV, Wachowiak M (2009) Why sniff fast? The relationship between sniff frequency, odor discrimination, and receptor neuron activation in the rat. J Neurophysiol 101(2):1089–1102
Youngentob SL, Mozell MM, Sheehe PR, Hornung DE (1987) A quantitative analysis of sniffing strategies in rats performing odor detection tasks. Physiol Behav 41(1):59–69
Zhang Y, Sumner W, Chen D-R (2013) In vitro particle size distributions in electronic and conventional cigarette aerosols suggest comparable deposition patterns. Nicotine Tob Res 1(2):501–508
Acknowledgments
The author is supported by NIH/NIDCD grant R01DC011286. The author thanks Drs. Vahid Mohsenin and Arthur Dubois for very helpful discussions on the physiology of VOC absorption in the pulmonary system and circulation. The author is grateful for the helpful feedback by Drs. Thomas P. Eiting, Shaina M. Short, Barry Green, and Guillermo Coronas-Samano on a first draft of the manuscript.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
ᅟ
Conflict of Interest
Author J.V. Verhagen declares that he has no conflict of interest.
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by the author.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Verhagen, J.V. A Role for Lung Retention in the Sense of Retronasal Smell. Chem. Percept. 8, 78–84 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12078-015-9181-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12078-015-9181-z