This study aimed to explore the association between physical activity and depression risk among middle‐aged and elderly Chinese using both cross‐sectional and longitudinal data. A total of 3564 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were included. The cross‐sectional analysis of 2020 data revealed a U‐shaped dose–response relationship between physical activity

Gothia Cup is the world's largest youth football (soccer) tournament, held annually since 1975. In 2024, 33 060 players from over 72 countries participated in 4820 matches. Although studies have examined injuries among youth football, research during tournaments remains limited. This prospective study aimed to assess the incidence of injuries among youth football players in Gothia Cup. Secondary objectives

We applied a novel model mimicking the most intense 5‐min game periods to investigate muscle metabolic and fatigue responses to peak‐intensity exercise occurring early and late in a simulated soccer game. Eleven well‐trained male players completed a modified simulated soccer game (the Copenhagen Soccer Test) with 5‐min peak‐intensity period simulations inserted early (PP1; 10–15 min) and late (PP2;

The combination of maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), fractional utilization at lactate threshold (FULT), and running economy (RE) is considered to largely determine/predict marathon performance, which is also closely associated with the speed at lactate threshold (sLT). Although these determinants are considered to deteriorate during prolonged running, except for RE, their temporal changes with fatigue

Scarce evidence exists on the demands needed to attain the highest positions during Grand Tours (Giro d'Italia, Tour de France, Vuelta a España). Using power output (PO) and heart rate (HR) data, we aimed to compare the racing demands of successful (at least top‐5) and less successful (at least top‐15) cyclists during Grand Tours. We identified Grand Tours in which we could compare cyclists who had

Knee osteoarthritis (knee OA) is a prevalent condition worldwide. Globally recognized rehabilitation guidelines for knee OA include patient education and neuromuscular exercises (NEMEX). While heavy‐load resistance exercise (70%–90% 1RM) often induces pain with knee OA, low‐load exercise (20%–40% 1RM) combined with partial blood‐flow restriction (BFR‐RE) has been introduced without inducing excessive

This review aims to examine the relationship between five different Yo‐Yo tests and as well as performance in various fitness tests, to provide practical guidance for fitness assessment. Thirty‐three studies (n = 1362) were analyzed to qualitatively score correlation magnitude (r‐values) between five different Yo‐Yo tests with . The association between Yo‐Yo tests and physical fitness tests were examined

The Aspetar pubic symphysis radiographic scoring protocol is reliable in male football players, but its clinical significance is unclear. We investigated the prevalence of pubic‐related radiographic findings and their association with groin pain and disability in male football players and asymptomatic controls. We included 39 symptomatic male football players with long‐standing groin pain, 18 asymptomatic

Lower body positive pressure treadmills (LBPPTs) offer precise body weight unloading for injury rehabilitation and performance training in runners. This study investigated biomechanical changes during running at varying body weight support (BWS) levels (0%–80%) in competitive runners, including sex‐specific responses. Twenty‐six runners (age: 33.6 ± 9.8 years; 15 female, 11 male) completed randomized

Tibial stress injuries are problematic among runners. Foot strike pattern upon landing may alter internal tibial loading, which could potentially affect the risk of stress injuries during running. The purpose of this study was to quantify internal loading at the distal 1/3 of the tibia during running with imposed rearfoot and forefoot strikes. Nineteen habitual rearfoot strikers were recruited to run

The prevalence and injury mechanism of ACL injuries in tennis are not well documented. This study aimed to report the mechanism of ACL injury in tennis, particularly whether it is linked to specific court positions or movements, and to evaluate how many tennis players return to tennis and to which level. Patients in Denmark diagnosed with ACL rupture from 2000 to 2018, registered in the Danish National

Movement behaviors research has evolved from focusing on single behaviors to multiple behaviors within a 24‐h perspective. However, it is unknown if 24‐h movement behavior profiles are consistently associated across multiple health outcomes. Thus, we aimed to investigate this. We used data from 807 adults who wore thigh accelerometers and recorded daily sleep/work times over 1–4 days and were categorized

The criterion four‐compartment (4C) model combines dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), deuterium dilution, and air displacement plethysmography (ADP), but its complexity limits practicality. This study aimed to externally validate a DXA‐derived body volume (BV) equation (DXA‐BVSilva) and assess the accuracy of a rapid 4C model replacing deuterium dilution total body water (TBW) with bioelectrical

Cold‐water immersion (CWI) has become a widely adopted method for post‐exercise recovery. However, its effectiveness in restoring neuromuscular function remains inconclusive. This study examined the impact of CWI on recovery following high‐intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Twelve young, recreationally active individuals (10 males, 2 females) participated in a randomized crossover study. Each session

Males and females exhibit comparable levels of explosive strength if the rate of torque development (RTD) is considered relative to the maximal voluntary isometric torque (MVT). Given the greater proportion of type I to type II fibers area in muscles of females than males (~20% in tibialis anterior muscle), with slower contractile kinetics, the discharge rate of motor units (MUDR) in explosive efforts

This study aimed to examine the key performance metrics and durability differences between cyclists finishing in the top‐5 and those ranked between 6th and 30th in the Five Monuments of Cycling (Milan‐San Remo, Tour of Flanders, Paris‐Roubaix, Liège‐Bastogne‐Liège, and Il Lombardia). Data from 64 professional male cyclists were analyzed. Cyclists were categorized into top‐5 finishers (n = 14) and top‐6–30

Skeletal muscle is a key determinant of sports performance. It is a highly specialized, yet complex and heterogeneous tissue, comprising multiple cell types. Muscle fibers are the main functional cell type responsible for converting energy into mechanical work. They exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt in response to stressors, such as exercise training. But while it is recognized that human skeletal

The growing popularity of powerlifting, which consists of the squat, bench press, and deadlift, calls for biomechanically comprehensible coaching strategies. Understanding the muscle forces at work can play a key part in this endeavor. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing intensity in the squat on muscle forces in elite powerlifters. Twenty‐nine top‐ranked powerlifters

Neurofeedback training (NFT) has emerged as a promising technique for enhancing sports performance by enabling individuals to self‐regulate their neural activity. However, only 53% of the 13 included studies, all of which published before 2021, in the latest meta‐analyses of NFT and motor performance focused on motor performance outcomes. Due to the rapid development of neurofeedback, 8 high‐quality

Physical inactivity depresses glycemic control, an impairment that can be prevented with exercise. We investigated whether electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) with blood flow restriction (BFR) could similarly prevent the impairments in glycemic control associated with physical inactivity and whether this was effective for attenuating the loss of physical function after inactivity. Thirty‐two participants

Strenuous exercise in elite sports impacts the immune system, leading to high rates of upper respiratory tract infections and airway dysfunction, such as asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). Cross‐country (XC) skiers and ice hockey (IH) players are particularly affected due to their training environments and sports disciplines. This systematic review (SR) evaluates immune and inflammatory

This study investigates how landing stability on slopestyle jumps is affected by jump design and the athletes' aerial maneuvers, in World Cup skiers and snowboarders. The data were recorded on rollover jumps from a World Cup Slopestyle competition using a geodetic video method, allowing for a reconstruction of the athletes' center of mass trajectories in 3D‐space and calculation of equivalent fall

Oral contraceptives (OC) are widely used by women, while their interactions with strength training are yet to be resolved. This study investigated the effects of OC use on muscle hypertrophy and strength adaptation to heavy strength training in young adult women. Fifteen habitual OC users and 17 non‐OC users (NOC) with regular menstrual cycles completed ~12 weeks of strength training, which spanned

We aimed to assess the in‐season weekly average prevalence proportion, the incidence rate, and burden (the product of incidence rate and duration of injury in weeks) of health problems among Danish youth handball community players aged 11–17. In this 30‐week prospective cohort study, players self‐reported health problems, including all injuries and illnesses, regardless of time loss or medical attention

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with repetitive head impacts (RHI), which is commonly observed in athletes participating in contact sports. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to provide a clearer elucidation of the prevalence, risk factors, and potential outcomes of CTE in athletes. Through a comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of

Most measurements of isokinetic hamstring:quadriceps (H:Q) strength ratios are conducted using concurrent repetitions, whereby active knee extension is immediately followed by active knee flexion. To reduce the influence of the stretch‐shortening cycle and limit axis misalignment, isolated repetitions have been recommended, whereby extension and flexion are completed separately. To inform screening

The ability to maintain running economy is generally evaluated during a long continuous exercise bouts, and it is unclear whether the menstrual cycle phase acts as a confounder. The first aim of this study was to evaluate the ability to maintain running economy during typical 1‐h low‐ (LIT) and high‐intensity training (HIT) sessions in female athletes. The second aim was to investigate whether menstrual

The relevance of force steadiness (FS) in relation to task performance remains unclear. This systematic review with meta‐analysis examines the strength of the relationship between FS and the physical task performance aspect of functionality in older adults, focusing on both upper and lower limbs. We conducted a comprehensive search across databases, including MEDLINE, Ovid, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web

Enhancing athletic performance through the manipulation of nutritional intake has ancient roots, with early guidance from “philosophical giants” like Hippocrates, who describes the balance between diet and exercise. Modern sports nutrition emerged in the 20th century, with research identifying carbohydrate (CHO) intake as beneficial for endurance. Studies like Gordon's in the 1920s linked blood glucose

To quantify the impact of the regular or irregular menstrual cycle (MC) or combined oral contraception (OC) on the time spent at the maximum effort exertion per training, assessed using latent effort states through a Hidden Markov chain Model (HMM). 6303 training sessions with heart rate (HR) and power output (PO) recorded every second were used to train HMM in order to determine latent effort states

Muscle strain injuries are common in sports, with a high recurrence rate and loss of muscle mass. Whether protein supplementation can counteract the detrimental effects of strain injuries during rehabilitation has not been explored. We investigated the effects of protein supplementation during early rehabilitation of acute strain injuries on muscle volume and function. Fifty recreational athletes were

Proteins are degraded and amino acids are metabolized in different quantities during endurance exercise. However, a clear consensus on protein oxidation during exercise has yet to be established. The main objective was to calculate estimates of protein oxidation during endurance exercise using available data. Additionally, we aimed to investigate the effects of exercise intensity, duration, and volume

The Achilles tendon (AT) comprises three subtendons whose relative locations, and respective lines of action, vary individually. This study was aimed to demonstrate the efficacy of a novel method, combining Ultrasound and electrical STIMulation (USTIM), to identify the in vivo location of individual subtendons in cross‐sections of the AT. We individually stimulated the triceps surae muscle heads and

The aim of this study was to investigate if an 8‐week high‐volume protocol of the Adductor Strengthening Programme was more effective than a low‐volume protocol in increasing and maintaining isometric hip adduction strength in female football players. We randomized 52 players from the Norwegian women's 1st and 2nd division to a low‐volume (220 reps/side) or high‐volume (394 reps/side) group. Both groups

This study investigated the effects of absolute humidity on heat dissipation and subsequent thermal, cardiovascular, and performance responses during self‐paced exercise in the heat. Twelve trained male cyclists performed a 700‐kJ time trial in four different humidity conditions (Low: 1.6 kPa, Moderate: 2.5 kPa, High: 3.5 kPa, and Very high: 4.5 kPa) in 33°C. The gradient in partial water vapor pressure

Physical fitness, particularly cardiorespiratory fitness, has been shown to positively impact sleep quality. However, the relationship between overall physical fitness and sleep‐related problems in adolescents remains underexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the association between overall physical fitness and sleep‐related problems in adolescents. This cross‐sectional study included

The purpose of this study was to provide data‐driven recommendations for assessing early‐phase rate of torque development (RTD) in isometric knee extension and flexion, focusing on the optimal number of repetitions performed and trial selection criteria to ensure robust intersession reliability. Twenty subjects (10 males, 10 females) completed two test sessions with nine repetitions of unilateral “fast

We investigate the contribution of isometric rate of torque development (RTD) and maximal voluntary torque (MVT) to the dynamic force production capacities of knee extensors obtained from the torque–velocity (TV) relationship, that is, the theoretical maximal velocity (V0), torque (T0), and maximal power (Pmax). Single‐leg knee extensors were tested in 64 young adults (31 females). RTD and root mean

High cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with better overall health. This study aimed to find a metabolic signature associated with CRF to identify health‐promoting effects. CRF based on cardiopulmonary exercise testing, targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches based on mass spectrometry, and clinical data from two independent cohorts of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) were

Physiological resilience has recently been recognized as an additional factor that influences endurance exercise performance. It has thus been incorporated into a modified, contemporary version of “the Joyner model” which acknowledges that start‐line values of V̇O2max, efficiency or economy, and metabolic thresholds are prone to deterioration, often with appreciable interindividual variability, during

Static stretching immediately affects various neuromusculoskeletal components. Among quadriceps muscles, only the rectus femoris (RF) is stretched by hip extension and knee flexion. The aim of this study was to investigate the motor unit (MU) firing behaviors of two synergistic muscles after selective static stretching on only one side. Fourteen males (23.7 ± 2.4 years) performed knee extension tasks

Subjective well‐being (SWB), including cognitive and affective components, may be influenced by the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Physical fitness and adherence to physical activity (PA) are associated with better glycaemic stability and diabetes management. However, the relationship with SWB is not yet understood. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between physical

Low physical activity, high sedentary time (SED), and inadequate sleep increase cardiovascular disease risk, but the codependency between these 24‐h movement behaviors has often been neglected. This study examined associations between 24‐h movement behaviors and incidence of cardiovascular risk factors. The study included 866 adults (mean age 62.4 years, SD 1.1) from the Finnish Retirement and Aging

Injuries to the musculoskeletal system are frequent in elite sports and they are detrimental to athletic performance. This can be due to, for example, (1) overuse disorders of tendon (tendinopathy) that not only lower the training efficiency but also, in many cases, are career‐ending for the athlete due to pain; (2) acute muscle strain injury that both causes prolonged absence from competition and

Strength training responses are influenced by sets, repetitions, and mechanical load, whereas Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) training adds the variable of temporarily restricting blood flow via a tourniquet. This has intensified scientific discussions regarding the vascular responses and thereby safety of the BFR method. To address these concerns, we investigated intravascular pressure changes during

Trunk perturbation before initial ground contact (IC) is associated with increased anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of midflight anterior and posterior pulling perturbation applied to the upper trunk on ACL loading variables during landings. Participants performed double‐leg vertical jumps with and without anterior or posterior pulling

Physical activity levels among early adolescents and their parents are insufficient for health benefits. Identifying modifiable determinants in parent–child dyads can inform future research and interventions. We tested a partial least squares path model based on the integrated behavior change model in insufficiently active Finnish parent–child dyads (n = 88), including measures of autonomous and controlled

The purpose of this study was to identify the morphological characteristics of trunk and lower limb muscles associated with 400‐m sprint performance and “effectiveness index of mechanical energy utilization (EI).” Twelve male 400‐m sprinters (age: 21.4 ± 1.7 years, 400‐m best time: 48.38 ± 1.80 s) participated in this study. Using a 3‐T magnetic resonance imaging system, we measured muscle cross‐sectional

Combining aerobic and strength training may attenuate neuromuscular adaptations, particularly when both target the same muscle group. This study assessed whether separating the training modalities by muscle groups mitigates this interference. Ninety‐six participants (56 males and 40 females) completed a 12‐week intervention, divided into three groups: (1) LHLS (lower‐body high‐intensity interval (HIIT)

Epidemiological evidence suggests low‐frequency physical activity provides health benefits, but the physiological impacts of weekly training frequency are understudied. We investigated whether “Weekend Warrior” (WW) training was inferior to traditional, high‐frequency (HF) training for improving maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max). The secondary aim was to assess integrative physiological adaptations to

We compared neuromuscular fatigue induced by cycling at a fixed perceived effort in normoxic condition (NOR) and three purported hypoxia modalities: systemic hypoxia (SyH, FiO2 = 0.13), blood flow restriction (BFR, 50% arterial occlusion pressure) and airflow restriction mask (ARM, calibrated to ~3500 m). Seventeen healthy young participants cycled for 20 min at a self‐selected power output corresponding

Overuse injuries are common among competitive rhythmic gymnasts, with an estimated weekly prevalence of 37% and with the knees, lower back, and hip/groin as the most common injury locations. Reduced physical capacity (e.g., strength and flexibility) has been hypothesized to contribute to the high prevalence of overuse injuries. The primary objective of this trial was to assess if exercises targeting

We assessed the validity, reliability, and transferability of gas exchange and ventilatory variables from two commonly used metabolic measurement systems (COSMED Quark and VO2Master Pro). Two identical devices from each system were independently connected to a metabolic simulator (VacuMed), and 2 min of steady‐state data was recorded at simulated oxygen uptake (V̇O2) of 1, 2, 3, and 4 L∙min−1 achieved

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of exercise training on the bone marrow immune microenvironment and on minimal residual disease of multiple myeloma patients who completed first‐line induction treatment. Eight multiple myeloma patients underwent 5 months of exercise training along with standard medical treatment. Eight age‐ and sex‐matched patients who received medical treatment

Promoting incidental physical activity (IPA) can help reduce sedentary lifestyles and physical inactivity levels in the population. However, there is heterogeneity in the definition of IPA, and studies have yet to synthesize the empirical findings on this topic. This review aimed to (1) Synthesize the definitions of the IPA used in the scientific literature, (2) Identify the behaviors part of the IPA