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Negative Perceptions of Peer Relationships as Mechanisms in the Association Between Maltreatment Timing and the Development of Psychopathology. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Andrew J Ross,Elizabeth D Handley,Sheree L Toth,Dante Cicchetti
Despite findings that developmental timing of maltreatment is a critical factor in predicting subsequent outcomes, children's developmental stage is understudied in maltreatment research. Moreover, childhood maltreatment is associated with the development of maladaptive peer relationships and psychopathology, with social cognition identified as a process underlying this risk. The current study utilizes
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Development and Validation of the Forms of Peer Victimization Scale Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Morrow,Hubbard,Bookhout,Grassetti,Docimo,Swift
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Lying to Conceal a Group Transgression in Middle to Late Childhood Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Evans,Dykstra,Bruer,Price
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The Quality of Maternal Homework Involvement: The Role of Adolescent and Maternal Factors Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Tunkkari,Aunola,Hirvonen,Silinskas,Kiuru
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A Developmental Cascade Model of Prosocial Behavior, Academic Competence, and Peer Exclusion Across Preadolescence Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Yao,Enright
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Is Peer Victimization Associated With Adolescents' Social Media Use, Engagement, Behavior, and Content? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Resnik,Bellmore
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Imaginary and Realistic Fears: Palestinian and American Children's Understanding of Fear's Situational Elicitors and Behavioral Consequences Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Kayyal,Widen
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The Concurrent Association Between Friendship Security and Friendship Satisfaction Is Moderated by Experience Within the Family Context Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Persram,Schwartzman,Bukowski
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Longitudinal Relations Between Hypercompetitiveness, Jealousy, and Aggression Across Adolescence Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Humphrey,Vaillancourt
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The Influence of College Education on Parents and Children in Low-Income Families Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Tighe,Davis-Kean
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“You Wrote the Right Letter for the Right Sound!” Parental Feedback in Writing Contexts Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Segal,Martin-Chang,Patel
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Teachers' Emphasis on Mastery Goals Moderates the Behavioral Correlates of Coolness in Early Adolescent Classrooms Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 McKellar,Ryan,Messman,Brass,Laninga-Wijnen
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Longitudinal Associations Between Academic Descriptive and Injunctive Norms and Adolescent Achievement Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Duong,Badaly,Ross,Schwartz
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Attachment and Externalizing/Internalizing Problems in Preschoolers: Contributions of Positive and Negative Empathic Perspective-Taking Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Ştefan,Avram
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The Protective Role of Parent Positive Personality and Emotional Availability in Toddler Problem Behavior Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Rea-Sandin,Vasquez-O'Brien,Lemery-Chalfant
Abstract:This study examined the mediating role of emotional availability in the relation between parent positive personality and toddler problem behavior. The sample comprised 654 twins at 12 and 32 months. Primary caregivers (>95% mothers) completed six measures indexing parent positive personality assessed at 12 months, and emotional availability and toddler problem behaviors assessed at both times
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Preschool Anger, Activity Level, Inhibitory Control, and Behavior Problems: A Family Study Approach Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Nwadinobi,Gagne
Abstract:The temperament dimensions of anger, activity level (AL), and inhibitory control (IC) are representative of Rothbart’s negative affectivity, surgency, and effortful control factors, and are consistently related to child behavioral problems. Using parent and observer ratings of child temperament, we investigated links between anger, AL, IC, behavior problems (attention-deficit hyperactivity
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Children's Evaluations of Necessary Harm: The Role of Maternal Disapproval and Friend Relationship Status Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Noh,Jambon,Smetana,Lee,Killen
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Understanding Parental Educational Involvement: The Roles of Parental General and Child-Specific School Readiness Beliefs Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Boyle,Benner
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Children's Peer Victimization and Internalizing Symptoms: The Role of Inhibitory Control and Perceived Positive Peer Relationships Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Denio,Keane,Dollar,Calkins,Shanahan
Peer victimization is a well-established risk factor for children's internalizing problems. We longitudinally examined the moderating role of children's early perceptions of positive peer relationships and inhibitory control on the association between peer victimization at age 6 and internalizing symptoms at age 10. Perceptions of peer relationships and inhibitory control were assessed via child interviews
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Investigating the Development of Prosociality Through the Lens of Refusals: Children's Prosocial Refusals With Siblings and Friends Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Tavassoli,Howe,DeHart
Abstract:This 3-year longitudinal study examined children’s engagement and refusals to be prosocial between siblings and friends from early to middle childhood. At each of two time points, 44 children (M age = 4.56 years at Time 1 [T1]) were video-recorded in one play session with a sibling and one with a friend. Children’s helping or refusals to help and sharing or refusals to share and their strategies
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Parents' Early Writing Support and Its Associations With Parenting Practices in the United States and Israel Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Aram,Skibbe,Hindman,Bindman,Atlas,Morrison
Abstract:We observed the nature of parents’ writing support and studied their reports about their parenting practices. Participants were 130 middle socioeconomic status parent–preschooler dyads in the United States and Israel (69 American). Parents were videotaped while helping their children write an invitation to a birthday party in English in the United States and in Hebrew in Israel. We analyzed
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Children's Communicative Decisions Are Influenced by Gender, Shyness, and Peer Experiences Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Mewhort-Buist,Nilsen,Bowman-Smith
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Parents' School Involvement in Kindergarten Predicting Child Outcomes at First Grade and Third Grade Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Meng
Abstract:Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010–11 (ECLS-K:2011; N = 18,170), the present study aimed to identify latent classes of parents’ school involvement in kindergarten and whether the latent classes of parents’ school involvement would be differentially related to children’s academic achievement and social-emotional behavioral outcomes at first grade and third
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Infants React Differently to Adults' Noncontingent Responding Depending on the Adult's Activity Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Stenberg
Abstract:Two experiments examined 12- to 13-month-old infants’ reactions to noncontingent responding by the parent (Experiment 1, 40 infants) or by an unfamiliar adult (Experiment 2, 40 infants). During the initial play phase, the adult was either reading a book or using his or her mobile phone, resulting in a response delay when the infant would seek the adult’s attention. During the test phase, the
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Peers, Self-Control, Neighborhoods, and Adolescent and Early Adult Tobacco and Alcohol Use: Assessing Invariance Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Jones,Adams
Abstract:We use social learning, self-control, and social disorganization theories to develop hypotheses related to tobacco and alcohol use among a racially diverse sample of Chicago adolescents. Data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods were used to test models that examine relationships between neighborhood-level and individual-level attributes on tobacco-use and alcohol-use
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Is Autonomy-Supportive Parenting Beneficial Only to Adolescents With an Autonomous Personality? Two Meanings of Goodness of Fit Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Mabbe,Soenens,Vansteenkiste,De Pauw
Abstract:Although autonomy-supportive parenting yields manifold benefits for adolescents’ development, there is a dearth of research addressing the question of whether adolescents reap the benefits of this parenting style, irrespective of their personality. Accordingly, this study examined whether associations between perceived maternal autonomy support and adolescent well-being depend on adolescents’
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Effects of Multiple Features of Nonparental Care and Parenting in Toddlerhood on Socioemotional Development at Kindergarten Entry Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Walls,Pellerin
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Investigating Child Care as a Contextual Asset for Children of Adolescent Mothers Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Katz,Easterbrooks
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“Speak up!” An Examination of the Language Capacities of Children Displaying Various Forms of Social Withdrawal and Aggression Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Clifford, Nelson, Evans
"Speak Up!" An Examination of the Language Abilities of Children Displaying Various Forms of Social Withdrawal and Aggression Brandon Neil Clifford School of Family Life, BYU Master of Science Language serves as a mechanism through which children are able to interact and communicate with their others. Thus, when children do not produce language at a typical pace, there may be cause for concern. The
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Indirect Effects of Emotion Regulation on Peer Acceptance and Rejection:The Roles of Positive and Negative Social Behaviors. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2016-10-01 Bethany L Blair,Meghan R Gangle,Nicole B Perry,Marion O'Brien,Susan D Calkins,Susan P Keane,Lilly Shanahan
A growing body of literature indicates that childhood emotion regulation predicts later success with peers, yet little is known about the processes through which this association occurs. The current study examined mechanisms through which emotion regulation was associated with later peer acceptance and peer rejection, controlling for earlier acceptance and rejection. Data included mother-, teacher-
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Self-Regulation in Early and Middle Childhood as a Precursor to Social Adjustment Among Low-Income, Ethnic Minority Children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2019-07-01 Christine P Li-Grining,Rachel D McKinnon,C Cybele Raver
Although existing research has shed much light on the development of ethnic minority children, many studies focus on maladjustment, such as behavioral problems, without also speaking to positive experiences in children's lives, such as friendship. An aspect of development that predicts both positive and negative outcomes for children is self-regulation. The present study investigates precursors and
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A Two-Year Longitudinal Study of Naturalistic Parent–Child-Originated and Sibling-Originated Polyadic Conflicts Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Persram,Porta,Scirocco,Howe,Ross
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A Cross-Cultural Examination of Peer Status and Social Correlates in the United States and China Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Choukas-Bradley,Sheppard,Prinstein,Abela
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Participation in Structured Performing Arts Activities in Early to Middle Childhood: Psychological Engagement, Stress, and Links With Socioemotional Functioning Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Archbell,Coplan,Nocita,Rose-Krasnor
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Development of an Implicit Association Test for Adolescent Emotional Expression Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Cameron,Zeman
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Affective Underpinnings of the Association Between Autonomy Support and Self-Regulated Learning Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Monroy,Cheung,Cheung
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The Psychophysiology Supporting Children's Constructive Responses to Peer Provocation Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Moore,Hubbard,Morrow,Barhight,Lines,Sallee,Hyde
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Assessing Temperament Among Finnish Early Adolescents and Their Parents: Psychometric Properties of the Short Forms of the Temperament Questionnaires Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Kiuru,Hirvonen,Ahonen
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Cumulative Family Stressors and Kindergarten Adjustment: The Exacerbating Role of Teacher–Child Conflict Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Pratt, Swanson, van Huisstede, Gaias
Abstract:Multiple, simultaneous stressors in the family context during early childhood may compromise healthy adjustment to school, with potential long-term implications. Moreover, stressors across multiple contexts (e.g., home and school) can exacerbate the negative influences of stress on children's functioning. We investigated associations between parent-reported accumulated burden of family stressors
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The Relation Between Young Children's False Statements and Response Latency, Executive Functioning, and Truth–Lie Understanding Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Williams, Ahern, Lyon
Abstract:This study examined relations between children's false statements and response latency, executive functioning, and truth–lie understanding in order to understand what underlies children's emerging ability to make false statements. A total of 158 (2- to 5-year-old) children earned prizes for claiming that they were looking at birds even when presented with images of fish. Children were asked
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Parents’ Racial Beliefs and Ethnic–Racial Socialization in African American Families Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Kurtz-Costes, Hudgens, Skinner, Adams, Rowley
Abstract:We investigated relations among African American parents' reports of ethnic–racial socialization received during their own childhood, their racial attitudes (i.e., perceptions of U.S. racial climate and valuing of intergroup contact), and their 12th-grade children's reports of parents' use of racial pride socialization and preparation for bias. Parents' (N = 193) reports of received racial
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Perceptions of Same-Sex and Cross-Sex Peers: Behavioral Correlates of Perceived Coolness During Middle Childhood Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Wilson, Jamison
Abstract:Peer nominations and teacher ratings were used to examine age and sex differences in behaviors associated with perceived coolness during middle childhood. Participants were 470 students in Grades 1, 3, and 5. Participants nominated peers whom they perceived as cool; separate scores were calculated for same-sex coolness and cross-sex coolness (i.e., cool nominations received from same-sex and
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Associations Between Parent and Child Attributions for Negative Events Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Miller, Johnston
Abstract:We investigated how parents' attributions of blame/responsibility/internal locus for negative events happening to themselves and to their children were related to children's attributions about similar events in their own lives. In a sample of 145 families (including mother, father, and child aged 9–12 years; 73 boys), we tested for unique associations between children's attributions of bl
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Emotional School Engagement and Global Self-Esteem in Adolescents: Genetic Susceptibility to Peer Acceptance and Rejection Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Danneel, Colpin, Goossens, Engels, Leeuwen, Noortgate, Verschueren
Abstract:In this study, the effects of peer acceptance and rejection on global self-esteem and emotional school engagement in adolescents were investigated. Moreover, in line with the differential susceptibility hypothesis, we examined the potential moderating effect of a polymorphism in the serotonin receptor gene (i.e., 5-HTTLPR). The sample consisted of 1,111 Flemish adolescents (49% girls; Mage
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Friendship Processes Around Prosocial and Aggressive Behaviors: The Role of Teacher–Student Relatedness and Differences Between Elementary-School and Middle-School Classrooms Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Shin, Ryan, North
Abstract:This study examined the friendship processes around prosocial and aggressive behaviors and the moderating role of early adolescents' perceived relatedness with teachers. Differences between fifth graders in elementary school and sixth graders in middle school were examined. The sample was from 48 classrooms (N = 879, 51% girls at Wave 1, N = 859, 51% girls at Wave 2; 27 fifth-grade classrooms
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Temperamental Growth in Infancy: Demographic, Maternal Symptom, and Stress Contributions to Overarching and Fine-Grained Dimensions Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Gartstein, Hancock
Abstract:Temperament growth has been examined in infancy, but the spectrum of reactive and regulatory dimensions was not previously considered. We evaluated linear and nonlinear growth trajectories for overarching factors and fine-grained indicators of infant temperament obtained via parent report (N = 143) at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months of age. Contributions of infant sex, family socioeconomic status
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Maternal Knowledge as a Mediator of the Relation Between Maternal Psychological Control and Altruistic Prosocial, Instrumental Prosocial, and Antisocial Behavior Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Mouratidis, Sayil, Kumru, Selcuk, Soenens
Abstract:Past research has shown that, while psychological control increases the risk for adolescents' antisocial behavior, maternal knowledge of adolescents' activities decreases this risk. Yet, research is somewhat inconclusive about the role of psychologically controlling parenting in parental knowledge. Also, the role of both predictors in prosocial behavior remains largely unknown. In this 1-year
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Relations Between Theory of Mind and Academic School Readiness: The Moderating Role of Child Gender Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Martins, Barreto, Baptista, Osório, Martins, Verissimo
Abstract:This study investigated the prospective relationship between preschoolers' theory of mind (ToM) skills and academic school readiness, while exploring the possible moderator role played by child gender. The participants were 75 children who were assessed at two time points: when enrolled in the second preschool year (T1) and again 4 months before school entry (T2). The results showed an association
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Adolescents' Domain-Specific Self-Concepts of Ability Predict Their Domain-Specific Causal Attributions: A Longitudinal Study Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2018-01-01 Anna-Leena Clem, Kaisa Aunola, Riikka Hirvonen, Sami Määttä, Jari-Erik Nurmi, Noona Kiuru
Abstract:This study investigated longitudinal associations between mathematics- and literacy-related causal attributions and self-concepts of ability among Finnish adolescents (N = 237). Questionnaires were administered to adolescents in Grades 7 and 9 to obtain information on their causal attributions and self-concepts of ability. The results showed that adolescents attributed their successes and
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Sociometric Status as Mediator in the Relation Between Effortful Control and Achievement Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2018-01-01 María D. Galián, Ester Ato, María Angeles Fernández-Vilar
Abstract:The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between effortful control and language performance, and the mediation effect of sociometric status on this relationship. The sample comprised 472 Spanish children 6–8 years old. To measure temperament, the parents were given the Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire (TMCQ). The nomination method was used in the classroom context
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Children's Act Evaluation and Emotion Attribution Reasoning Regarding Different Moral Transgressions Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2018-01-01 Hanna M. Beißert, Kelly L. Mulvey, Melanie Killen
Abstract:This study investigated patterns of reasoning regarding different types of moral transgressions and different measures of moral development in children 6–8 years of age (N = 130). The findings documented different patterns of reasoning for each measure and for transgressions including different moral principles. Children distinguished between their understanding of their emotional response
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Sibling Personality Traits, Dyadic Gender Composition, and Their Association With Sibling Relationship Quality Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2018-01-01 Noam Binnoon-Erez, Michelle Rodrigues, Michal Perlman, Jennifer Jenkins, Jennifer Tackett
Abstract:The current study contrasted two different hypotheses about the relationship between sibling personality and sibling relationship quality: absolute value and dyadic similarity. The absolute value hypothesis suggests that the level of one sibling’s personality will predict sibling relationship quality. The dyadic similarity hypothesis argues that the similarity between siblings on personality
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The Interrelated Effects of Traditional and Cybervictimization on the Development of Internalizing Symptoms and Aggressive Behaviors in Elementary School Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2018-01-01 Brett Holfeld, Bonnie J. Leadbeater
Abstract:Although the effect of physical and relational (i.e., traditional) victimization on psychopathology is established, the interdependent contribution of cybervictimization is unclear. We test a longitudinal path model theorizing that (a) children’s physical and relational victimization in Grade 4 or 5 is associated with more cybervictimization experiences when they are in Grade 5 or 6 (when
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Explicit and Implicit Measures of Weight Stigma in Young Children Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2018-01-01 Sarah M. Hutchison, Ulrich Müller
Abstract:Weight-related attitudes refer to negative attitudes toward individuals because they are overweight or obese. These attitudes are widespread among children and adults and have been proven to be recalcitrant to intervention. To develop more effective interventions, it is necessary to understand the origin and development of explicit and implicit weight-related attitudes. In the present study
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Sleep and Aggressive Behavior Among Toddlers: Investigating Directionality of Associations Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2018-01-01 Marie-Ève Bélanger, Kim Desrosiers, Annie Bernier
Abstract:This study examined the reciprocal associations between sleep (duration and quality) and aggressive behavior in toddlers. The sample consisted of 82 children (43 boys and 39 girls) and their parents who completed two assessments, when children were 2 and 3 years old. At both time points, children wore an actigraph for 3 consecutive days to assess their sleep patterns, and both their parents
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Examining the Roles of Parent–Child and Teacher–Child Relationships on Behavior Regulation of Children at Risk Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2018-01-01 Ibrahim H. Acar, Julia C. Torquati, Aileen Garcia, Lixin Ren
Abstract:The current study examined the effects of parent–child and teacher–child relationships on behavior regulation of children at risk. In particular, the amplifying or attenuating effect of one context (i.e., teacher–child relationships) for another context (i.e., parent–child relationship) on children’s behavior regulation was examined. Participants were 291 children (159 boys) ages 37–70 months
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Say You're Sorry: Children Distinguish Between Willingly Given and Coerced Expressions of Remorse Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2018-01-01 Craig E. Smith, Deborah Anderson, Anna Straussberger
Abstract:Apologies can promote forgiveness; thus, for victims and bystanders, a sensitivity to nongenuine apologies could facilitate the development of wariness with regard to potential repeat offenders. We asked whether children are sensitive to two simple markers of potential nongenuine remorse: (a) the spontaneity of a transgressor’s apology and (b) a transgressor’s willingness to apologize. In
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Peer Victimization and Neurobiological Models: Building Toward Comprehensive Developmental Theories Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2018-01-01 Wendy Troop-Gordon, Stephen A. Erath
Abstract:The articles in this special issue represent progress toward a more comprehensive developmental model of peer victimization and neurobiology. In this commentary, we highlight features of each article that reveal nuances in such a developmental model as related to sex, form of peer victimization, developmental course and period, and neurobiological response system and stimulus. We also encourage
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Overprotection in Adolescent Friendships Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2018-01-01 Rebecca G. Etkin, Julie C. Bowker
Abstract:For the first time, we investigate associations between overprotective behavior within the context of adolescent friendships and psychosocial outcomes. Young adolescents participating in two studies (Ns = 270 and 179; 49% boys) completed self-report measures of psychological functioning, social problems (also assessed with peer nominations), and friendship quality. To assess friend over-protection
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Associations Between Theory of Mind, Executive Function, and Friendship Quality in Middle Childhood Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (IF 1.0) Pub Date : 2018-01-01 Stephanie E. Miller, Rachael E. Reavis, Brittany N. Avila
Abstract:Despite our wealth of knowledge regarding theory of mind (ToM) development in preschool, less is known about development and the processes that support ToM into middle childhood. The current study examined potential cognitive (i.e., executive function, verbal intelligence, and nonverbal intelligence) and social (i.e., socioeconomic status, siblings, and friendship quality) correlates of ToM