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An interdisciplinary framework examining culture and adaptation in migrant children and adolescents New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2021-03-17 Isabela E. Pérez, Rachel Wu, Carolyn B. Murray, Diamond Bravo
With increasing rates of globalization, understanding the cultural factors that promote positive adaptation in migrant children and adolescents is vital. In prior research, acculturation and enculturation frameworks often rely on unidimensional or bidimensional conceptions of culture to study the effects of migration on child and adolescent development. However, the contemporary strategies that migrant
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The family crisis migration stress framework: A framework to understand the mental health effects of crisis migration on children and families caused by disasters New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2021-02-26 Saskia R. Vos, Aaron Clark‐Ginsberg, Sofia Puente‐Duran, Christopher P. Salas‐Wright, Maria C. Duque, Ivonne Calderón Herrera, Mildred M. Maldonado‐Molina, Melissa N. Castillo, Tae Kyoung Lee, Maria Fernanda Garcia, Cristina A. Fernandez, Marissa Hanson, Carolina Scaramutti, Seth J. Schwartz
Crisis migration refers to displacement of large numbers of individuals and families from their home countries due to wars, dictatorial governments, and other critical hazards (e.g., hurricanes). Although crisis migration can adversely influence direct and indirect effects on the mental health of adults and their children collectively as families, there is a deficiency in theory that addresses family
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The role of perspective‐taking and low social class prejudice on cross‐ethnic friendship formation New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2021-03-30 Daniela Chávez, Diego Palacios, Bernadette Paula Luengo‐Kanacri, Christian Berger, Gloria Jiménez‐Moya
Cross‐ethnic friendships offer a unique opportunity for improving intergroup relations and reduce prejudice, yet ethnic segregation of friendship networks is often seen as a major obstacle to the integration of immigrant students in educational contexts. This article examines the role of perspective‐taking abilities and prejudice towards low social class peers on the probability of cross‐ethnic friendships
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The role of coping strategies in interpersonal identity development of war‐affected immigrant adolescents New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2021-03-01 Gülendam Akgül, Theo Klimstra, Figen Çok
Increasing immigration around the world has affected the lives of children and adolescents. The ability to cope with the stress of migration and adaptation to a new culture likely is an important protective factor for optimal identity development under these conditions. The present study examined the role of coping strategies in interpersonal identity development among immigrant adolescents. The sample
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Psychological and social adjustment in refugee adolescents: The role of parents’ and adolescents’ friendships New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2021-03-05 Savaş Karataş, Elisabetta Crocetti, Seth J. Schwartz, Monica Rubini
Friendships have important implications for adolescents’ psychological and social adjustment. However, there is still limited evidence on how different same‐ethnic and cross‐ethnic friendships are formed and regarding their role in refugee adjustment. Therefore, the present study was designed to examine the interplay of parents’ and adolescents’ same‐ethnic and cross‐ethnic friendships with adolescents’
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Mental health outcomes of ethnic identity and acculturation among British‐born children of immigrants from Turkey New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2021-03-08 Duygu Cavdar, Shelley McKeown, Jo Rose
Identity development can be challenging for adolescents, particularly those from immigrant families who are required to make sense of their identity whilst accommodating themselves into different cultures. For second‐generation ethnic minority adolescents, these identity formation processes may range from harmony/effectiveness to conflict/stress, having consequences for acculturation and for mental
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Discrimination and its relation to psychosocial well‐being among diverse youth in Sweden New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2021-02-26 Fanny Gyberg, Ylva Svensson, Maria Wängqvist, Moin Syed
Experiences of discrimination and links to well‐being have been examined extensively, but several gaps remain. The current study addresses four of those gaps by (1) examining both aggregated and source‐specific forms of discrimination, (2) comparing the experiences of minority and majority group members, (3) expanding the range of outcomes to include socially and developmentally appropriate measures
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“Se extraña todo:” Family separation and reunification experiences among unaccompanied adolescent migrants from Central America New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2021-04-09 Sita G. Patel, Vicky Bouche, William Martinez, Karla Barajas, Alex Garcia, Maya Sztainer, Kathleen Hawkins
There has been a record surge of unaccompanied immigrant minors (UAMs) entering the United States, with 86% of those apprehended at the US‐Mexico border originating from the Central American countries of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. A majority of immigrant children are separated from either one or both parents at various points during the migration process. Although average separations last
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Migrant youths: Typical aspects of development during the adolescent years, specific challenges of growing up somewhere else, and some things we need to understand better New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2021-04-09 Peter Noack
The research presented in this Issue impressively documents the great variety of conditions of live that impact child and adolescent migrants’ development. The studies conducted in various receiving countries include young refugees as well as the first‐ and second‐generation offspring of migrant families who left their homes in different areas of the globe. Despite this diversity, theories and empirical
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All together now: Cooperative classroom climate and the development of youth attitudes toward immigrants New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2021-04-15 Marta Miklikowska, Katharina Eckstein, Joanna Matera
Although classrooms have been described as an important socialization agent for the development of intergroup attitudes, the role of classroom climate has rarely been investigated. This 5‐wave study of Swedish adolescents (N = 892, 51.1% girls, nested in 35 classrooms) examined the role of cooperative classroom climate for the development of youth attitudes toward immigrants. The results of multilevel
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Empathy, cognitive functioning, and prosocial behavior in mentored children New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2021-04-09 Tina Braun, Timo von Oertzen
Assessing the effect mentors have on their mentees is methodologically challenging: most programs merely provide relatively short mentoring durations (typically in the range of 1 year), age ranges are usually rather small, and examining dyads with anything other than questionnaires has proven to be challenging in the past. Thus, although some excellent causal studies do exist, in general causal research
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Acculturation hassles and adjustment of adolescents of immigrant descent: Testing mediation with a self‐determination theory approach New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2021-04-04 David K. Kunyu, Maja K. Schachner, Linda P. Juang, Miriam Schwarzenthal, Tuğçe Aral
Despite evidence that acculturation hassles (such as discrimination and language hassles) relate to poorer adjustment for adolescents of immigrant descent, we know less about the psychological processes underlying these associations. In this study, we test whether reduced psychological needs satisfaction in terms of a lower sense of belonging, autonomy, and competence, mediates the associations of
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Contact with migrants and perceived school climate as correlates of bullying toward migrants classmates New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2021-03-26 Simona C. S. Caravita, Noemi Papotti, Elisa Gutierrez Arvidsson, Robert Thornberg, Giovanni Giulio Valtolina
This study investigates whether the quantity and quality of contact with migrants and perceiving that cultural diversity is accepted at school (as a dimension of the perceived school climate) are associated with perpetrating bullying toward migrant classmates. Quantity and quality of contact are also examined as moderators of the association between perceived cultural acceptance at school and bullying
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Applying planned missingness designs to longitudinal panel studies in developmental science: An overview New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2021-01-19 Wei Wu, Fan Jia
Longitudinal panel studies are widely used in developmental science to address important research questions on human development across the lifespan. These studies, however, are often challenging to implement. They can be costly, time‐consuming, and vulnerable to test–retest effects or high attrition over time. Planned missingness designs (PMDs), in which partial data are intentionally collected from
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Effect size measures for longitudinal growth analyses: Extending a framework of multilevel model R‐squareds to accommodate heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation, nonlinearity, and alternative centering strategies New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2021-01-29 Jason D. Rights, Sonya K. Sterba
Developmental researchers commonly utilize multilevel models (MLMs) to describe and predict individual differences in change over time. In such growth model applications, researchers have been widely encouraged to supplement reporting of statistical significance with measures of effect size, such as R‐squareds (R2) that convey variance explained by terms in the model. An integrative framework for computing
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Latent profile transition analyses and growth mixture models: A very non‐technical guide for researchers in child and adolescent development New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2021-02-26 Sara K. Johnson
Developmental scientists are often interested in subgroups of people who share commonalities in aspects of development; these subgroups often cannot be captured directly but instead must be inferred from other information. Mixture models can be used in these situations. Two specific types of mixture models, latent profile transition analyses and growth mixture models, are highly relevant to developmental
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A comparison of three approaches for identifying correlates of heterogeneity in change New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2021-01-17 Sarfaraz Serang
Longitudinal research is often interested in identifying correlates of heterogeneity in change. This paper compares three approaches for doing so: the mixed‐effects model (latent growth curve model), the growth mixture model, and structural equation model trees. Each method is described, with special focus given to how each structures heterogeneity, attributes that heterogeneity to covariates, and
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Analyzing cross‐lag effects: A comparison of different cross‐lag modeling approaches New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2021-03-16 Kevin J. Grimm, Jonathan Helm, Danielle Rodgers, Holly O'Rourke
Developmental researchers often have research questions about cross‐lag effects—the effect of one variable predicting a second variable at a subsequent time point. The cross‐lag panel model (CLPM) is often fit to longitudinal panel data to examine cross‐lag effects; however, its utility has recently been called into question because of its inability to distinguish between‐person effects from within‐person
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Everybody needs somebody: Specificity and commonality in perceived social support trajectories of immigrant and non‐immigrant youth New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2021-02-08 Alison E. F. Benbow, Lara Aumann, Mădălina A. Paizan, Peter F. Titzmann
Perceived social support can help immigrant youth to deal with developmental acculturation: the simultaneous resolution of developmental and acculturative tasks. This person‐oriented three‐wave comparative study investigated perceived social support trajectories in two immigrant and one non‐immigrant group. We investigated whether similar social support trajectory classes can be found across groups
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Research on parental burnout across cultures: Steps toward global understanding New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-12-22 Charles M. Super, Sara Harkness
In this commentary we first examine psychometric issues in the ambitious enterprise of cross‐cultural application of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA). The present reports span a wide range of cultural places. Overall, the PBA presents good face validity and a strong replication of factor structure; future multi‐group confirmatory factor analysis will enable quantitative comparisons not currently
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Parental burnout in Lebanon: Validation psychometric properties of the Lebanese Arabic version of the Parental Burnout Assessment New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-12-14 Myrna Gannagé, Eliane Besson, Jacqueline Harfouche, Isabelle Roskam, Moïra Mikolajczak
This study‐ the first study on parental burnout in an Arabic speaking country in the Middle East‐ aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Lebanese translation of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA‐Lebanese). The PBA‐Lebanese was administered to 200 Lebanese parents (67% mothers). The results showed parental burnout is a valid construct relevant to Lebanese culture. In particular, we replicated
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Parenting and parental burnout in Africa New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-11-18 Tholene Sodi, Lodegaèna Bassantéa Kpassagou, Ogma Hatta, Alexis Ndayizigiye, Jean‐Marie Ndayipfukamiye, Josué Ngnombouowo Tenkué, Claire Bahati, Vincent Sezibera
A recent initiative known as the International Investigation of Parental Burnout, sought to study the prevalence of parental burnout in over 40 countries globally using the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) instrument. Four countries investigated here provide a first insight into parental burnout in Africa, based on a pooled dataset of 738 parents (48.8% mothers) sampled from Burundi (n = 187; 25.3%)
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Validation of the Polish version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-11-17 Dorota Szczygieł, Malgorzata Sekulowicz, Piotr Kwiatkowski, Isabelle Roskam, Moïra Mikolajczak
This study examined the factorial structure of the Polish version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA‐PL) and its relation with other variables, previously shown to be antecedents or outcomes of parental burnout. The PBA‐PL was administered to a total sample of 2,130 parents along with other instruments depending on the study. Factorial analyses of the PBA‐PL supported both the original four‐factor
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Parental burnout in Romania: Validity of the Romanian version of the parental burnout assessment (PBA‐RO) New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-11-13 Elena Stănculescu, Isabelle Roskam, Moïra Mikolajczak, Ana Muntean, Anca Gurza
The concept of parental burnout only recently gained the attention of researchers, mainly through the International Investigation of Parental Burnout (IIPB), a 40‐country study of the prevalence of PB around the world. Based on the current gold‐standard instrument to evaluate parental burnout, that is the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA), the present research investigates the psychometric properties
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Parental burnout: Moving the focus from children to parents New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-10-21 Moïra Mikolajczak, Isabelle Roskam
Parental burnout (PB)—a condition characterized by intense exhaustion related to parenting, emotional distancing from one's children, and a loss of parental fulfillment—has received increasing attention in recent years, even more since the worldwide COVID‐19 crisis and the confinement of parents with their children. This crisis put the spotlight on parents’ suffering, and the need to better understand
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Validation of the Turkish version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-10-21 Gizem Arikan, Ayse Meltem Üstündağ‐Budak, Ege Akgün, Moira Mikolajczak, Isabelle Roskam
Parental Burnout (PB) is an exhaustion syndrome resulting from exposure to overwhelming parenting stress. The current gold‐standard instrument, namely, Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) was used in the International Investigation of Parental Burnout (IIPB), a 40‐country study of the prevalence of PB around the world. The IIPB study has stimulated worldwide interest, but efforts are still needed to
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The Brazilian–Portuguese version of the Parental Burnout Assessment: Transcultural adaptation and initial validity evidence New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-10-21 Marisa Matias, Joyce Aguiar, Filipa César, Ana Carolina Braz, Elizabeth Joan Barham, Vanessa Leme, Luciana Elias, Maria Filomena Gaspar, Moïra Mikolajczak, Isabelle Roskam, Anne Marie Fontaine
This study aimed to examine the validity of the Brazilian–Portuguese version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA), the current gold‐standard measure of parental burnout (PB). We surveyed parents in Portugal (N = 407) and Brazil (N = 301). We (a) compared the factor structure of the Brazilian–Portuguese version with the original structure of the PBA, (b) tested the adequacy of a second‐order factor
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Why we should move from reductionism and embrace a network approach to parental burnout New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-10-21 M. Annelise Blanchard, Alexandre Heeren
Network science has allowed varied scientific fields to investigate and visualize complex relations between many variables, and psychology research has begun to adopt a network perspective. In this paper, we consider how leaving behind reductionist approaches and instead embracing a network perspective can advance the field of parental burnout. Although research into parental burnout is in its early
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Understanding development requires assessing the relevant environment: Examples from mathematics learning New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-10-07 Robert S. Siegler, Soo‐Hyun Im, David Braithwaite
Although almost everyone agrees that the environment shapes children's learning, surprisingly few studies assess in detail the specific environments that shape children's learning of specific content. The present article briefly reviews examples of how such environmental assessments have improved understanding of child development in diverse areas, and examines in depth the contributions of analyses
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Taking adolescents’ agency in socialization seriously: The role of appraisals and cognitive‐behavioral responses in autonomy‐relevant parenting New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-10-07 Bart Soenens, Maarten Vansteenkiste
Parent-adolescent relationships are highly bidirectional in nature, with parental behaviors affecting adolescents' adjustment and with adolescents' behaviors, in turn, eliciting parental practices. However, there is more to adolescents' agency in the socialization process than simple reciprocity. Adolescents contribute actively to the quality and nature of the parent-adolescent relationship by giving
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Changing self‐control: Promising efforts and a way forward New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-10-07 Alex R. Piquero, Michael Rocque
Researchers have long known that self-control, or impulse control, is important for a variety of life outcomes, including health, education, and behavior. In criminology, the most popular perspective on self-control argues that it is a multidimensional trait that is relatively stable after about age 8. Some work, however, has shown that in fact, self-control may not be as stable as originally thought
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Parental burnout in Iran: Psychometric properties of the Persian (Farsi) version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-10-07 Seyyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi, Moïra Mikolajczak, Isabelle Roskam
Parental burnout is a severe exhaustion syndrome resulting from lasting exposure to overwhelming parenting stress. The current gold‐standard instrument to evaluate parental burnout is the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA), which has recently been used in the International Investigation of Parental Burnout (IIPB), a global study on the prevalence of parental burnout. The IIPB has stimulated worldwide
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Exhausted parents in Japan: Preliminary validation of the Japanese version of the Parental Burnout Assessment New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-10-07 Kaichiro Furutani, Taishi Kawamoto, Maryam Alimardani, Ken'ichiro Nakashima
We examined the factorial structure and validity of a Japanese version of the Parental Burnout Assessment, the PBA‐J, with 1,500 Japanese parents. The Parental Burnout Assessment measures burnout using four dimensions: exhaustion in one's parental role, contrast in parental self, feelings of being fed up, and emotional distancing. Confirmatory factor analysis on the PBA‐J supported a four‐factor model
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Sector‐wide analysis of early childhood development and education in emergencies in Colombia and considerations to strengthen systems globally New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-09-23 Liliana Angelica Ponguta, Carlos Andres Aragón, Lucero Ramirez Varela, Kathryn Moore, Sascha Hein, Adrian Cerezo
Abstract There is an urgent need to strengthen early childhood development and education in emergencies (ECDEiE) globally. Colombia has faced protracted and acute crises for decades. Also, the country has applied a unique approach to holistic and integrated ECDE policy formulation. We argue that these characteristics offer a valuable country‐case to identify barriers and levers to the operationalization
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Culture and the perceived organization of newborn behavior: A comparative study in Kenya and the United States New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-09-23 Charles M. Super, Sara Harkness
The behavior of newborns is ambiguous. Cultural models-representations shared by members of a community-provide new parents and others with a cognitive and motivational structure to understand them. This study asks members of several cultural groups (total n = 100) to judge the "similarity" of behavioral items in the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). Data were obtained from NBAS experts
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Manifesto for new directions in developmental science New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-09-22 Baptiste Barbot, Sascha Hein, Christopher Trentacosta, Jens F. Beckmann, Johanna Bick, Elisabetta Crocetti, Yangyang Liu, Sylvia Fernandez Rao, Jeffrey Liew, Geertjan Overbeek, Liliana A. Ponguta, Herbert Scheithauer, Charles Super, Jeffrey Arnett, William Bukowski, Thomas D. Cook, James Côté, Jacquelynne S. Eccles, Michael Eid, Kazuo Hiraki, Mark Johnson, Linda Juang, Nicole Landi, James Leckman,
Although developmental science has always been evolving, these times of fast-paced and profound social and scientific changes easily lead to disorienting fragmentation rather than coherent scientific advances. What directions should developmental science pursue to meaningfully address real-world problems that impact human development throughout the lifespan? What conceptual or policy shifts are needed
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Understanding adolescents’ acculturation processes: New insights from the intergroup perspective New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-09-22 Savaş Karataş, Elisabetta Crocetti, Seth J. Schwartz, Monica Rubini
Recent developments in the acculturation literature have emphasized the importance of adopting intergroup perspectives that provide a valuable background for investigating how acculturation orientations (i.e., maintenance of the culture of origin and the adoption of the destination culture) of adolescents from migrant families are embedded in their proximal socialization contexts. Accordingly, we sought
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New directions in understanding the role of environmental contaminants in child development: Four themes New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-09-13 Christopher J. Trentacosta, Daniel J. Mulligan
Environmental contaminants, which include several heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, and other harmful chemicals, impair several domains of child development. This article describes four themes from recent research on the impact of environmental contaminants on child development. The first theme, disparities in exposure, focuses on how marginalized communities are disproportionately exposed
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Learning hand in hand: Engaging in research–practice partnerships to advance developmental science New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-09-13 Kelly Lynn Mulvey, Luke McGuire, Adam J. Hoffman, Adam Hartstone‐Rose, Mark Winterbottom, Frances Balkwill, Grace E. Fields, Karen Burns, Marc Drews, Melissa Chatton, Natalie Eaves, Fidelia Law, Angelina Joy, Adam Rutland
Abstract Developmental science research often involves research questions developed by academic teams, which are tested within community or educational settings. In this piece, we outline the importance of research–practice partnerships, which involve both research and practice‐based partners collaborating at each stage of the research process. We articulate challenges and benefits of these partnerships
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Problematic cost–utility analysis of interventions for behavior problems in children and adolescents New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-09-10 Marinus H. IJzendoorn, Marian J. Bakermans‐Kranenburg
Abstract Cost–utility analyses are slowly becoming part of randomized control trials evaluating physical and mental health treatments and (preventive) interventions in child and adolescent development. The British National Institute of Health and Care Excellence, for example, insists on the use of gains in Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) to compute the “value for money” of interventions. But what
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When mummy and daddy get under your skin: A new look at how parenting affects children's DNA methylation, stress reactivity, and disruptive behavior New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-07-01 Geertjan Overbeek, Nicole Creasey, Christiane Wesarg, Marijke Huijzer‐Engbrenghof, Hannah Spencer
Child maltreatment is a global phenomenon that affects the lives of millions of children. Worldwide, as many as one in three to six children encounter physical, sexual, or emotional abuse from their caregivers. Children who experience abuse often show alterations in stress reactivity. Although this alteration may reflect a physiological survival response, it can nevertheless be harmful in the long
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The Pharmacogenetics of Efavirenz Metabolism in Children: The Potential Genetic and Medical Contributions to Child Development in the Context of Long‐Term ARV Treatment New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-05-01 Mei Tan, Megan Bowers, Phil Thuma, Elena L. Grigorenko
Efavirenz (EFV) is a well-known, effective anti-retroviral drug long used in first-line treatment for children and adults with HIV and HIV/AIDS. Due to its narrow window of effective concentrations, between 1 and 4 μg/mL, and neurological side effects at supratherapeutic levels, several investigations into the pharmacokinetics of the drug and its genetic underpinnings have been carried out, primarily
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Who is Advocating for Children and Adolescents With HIV Infection? New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-05-01 Philip E. Thuma
Despite significant gains in the past 10 years in the treatment and care of children and adolescents with HIV infection, there is still need for advocacy for this group. The author discusses how far we have come and the need for on-going efforts, not only for appropriate child-friendly drug formulations, but also for cooperation between quantitative and qualitative scientists to further the existing
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Cognitive and Language Development at Age 4-6 Years in Children HIV-Exposed But Uninfected Compared to Those HIV-Unexposed and to Children Living With HIV New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-05-01 Rachel S. Gruver, Sumaya Mall, Jane D. Kvalsvig, Justin R. Knox, Claude A. Mellins, Chris Desmond, Shuaib Kauchali, Stephen M. Arpadi, Myra Taylor, Leslie L. Davidson
Perinatal HIV infection is associated with delayed neurocognitive development, but less is known about children perinatally HIV-exposed but uninfected (CHEU). We compared cognitive and language outcomes in 4-6-year old CHEU versus children HIV-unexposed and uninfected (CHUU) and children living with HIV (CLHIV). We enrolled 1,581 children (77% of the child population) in five communities in KwaZulu-Natal
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Community‐Based Caregiver and Family Interventions to Support the Mental Health of Orphans and Vulnerable Children: Review and Future Directions New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-05-01 Francesca Penner, Carla Sharp, Lochner Marais, Cilly Shohet, Deborah Givon, Michael Boivin
The goal of this paper was to conduct a review of studies from 2008 to 2019 that evaluated community-based caregiver or family interventions to support the mental health of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in sub-Saharan Africa, across four domains: (a) study methodology, (b) cultural adaptation and community participation, (c) intervention strategies, and (d) effects on child mental health. Ten
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Psychosocial Adjustment in Ugandan Children: Coping With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Exposure, Lifetime Adversity, and Importance of Social Support New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-05-01 Robert Tuke, Alla Sikorskii, Sarah K. Zalwango, Kyle D. Webster, Alexander Ismail, Ruth A. Pobee, Jennifer L. Barkin, Michael J. Boivin, Bruno Giordani, Amara E. Ezeamama
Cumulative lifetime adversity and social support were investigated as determinants of psychosocial adjustment (esteem, distress, hopefulness, positive outlook/future aspirations, and sense of purpose) over 12 months in 6-10-years-old HIV-infected, HIV-exposed uninfected and HIV-unexposed uninfected children from Uganda. Each determinant and psychosocial adjustment indicator was self-reported using
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The Intergenerational Impact of a Slow Pandemic: HIV and Children New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-05-01 Geoffrey Peter Garnett
Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has, over the last four decades, infected millions of young women and their children. Interventions developed in parallel with the spread of the virus have been able to reduce rates of vertical transmission from mother to child. The impact of HIV in children can be direct in children living with HIV (CLHIV) and exposed to HIV and uninfected, or indirect through
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Toxic Stress and Quality of Life in Early School‐Aged Ugandan Children With and Without Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-05-01 Amara E. Ezeamama, Sarah K. Zalwango, Robert Tuke, Ricki Lauren Pad, Michael J. Boivin, Philippa M. Musoke, Bruno Giordani, Alla Sikorskii
Caregiver's and child's self-reported quality of life (QOL) was defined using standardized questionnaires in a sample (N = 277) of 6-10 years old HIV-infected, HIV-exposed uninfected, and HIV-unexposed uninfected children from Uganda. Psychosocial stress (acute stress and cumulative lifetime adversity) and physiologic stress (dysregulations across 13 biomarkers), perinatal HIV status, and their interaction
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Getting the Baby on a Schedule: Dutch and American Mothers’ Ethnotheories and the Establishment of Diurnal Rhythms in Early Infancy New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-03-01 Saskia D. M. Schaik, Caroline Mavridis, Sara Harkness, Margaretha De Looze, Marjolijn J. M. Blom, Charles M. Super
Abstract One of the earliest challenges for infants and their parents is developing a diurnal sleep–wake cycle. Although the human biological rhythm is circadian by nature, its development varies across cultures, based in part on “zeitgebers” (German: literally “time‐givers”) or environmental cues. This study uses the developmental niche framework by Super and Harkness to address two different approaches
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Developmental Continuity and Change in the Cultural Construction of the “Difficult Child”: A Study in Six Western Cultures New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-03-01 Charles M. Super, Sara Harkness, Sabrina Bonichini, Barbara Welles, Piotr Olaf Zylicz, Moisés Rios Bermúdez, Jesús Palacios
This study explores the cultural construction of "difficult" temperament in the first 2 years of life, as well as the logistical and thematic continuity across infancy and childhood in what mothers perceive as difficult. It extends earlier work regarding older children in six cultural sites: Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the United States. In order to compare temperament profiles
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Grandmothers’ Developmental Expectations for Early Childhood in Botswana New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-03-01 Marea Tsamaase, Sara Harkness, Charles M. Super
Urban and rural grandmothers (n = 20) in Botswana participated in focus groups to learn their expectations for the acquisition of skills by preschool children. Their expectations for self-care, traditional politeness, and participation in household chores were dramatically earlier than developmental timetables reported for Western middle-class populations. There are some differences, however, in the
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The Power of Ethnotheories in Changing Societies: Commentary on Cross‐Cultural Research on Parents: Applications to the Care and Education of Children New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-03-01 Paul P. M. Leseman
The research reported in the papers of this issue reveals the power of parental ethnotheories in regulating basic biological processes, genetic predispositions and, in general, in orchestrating child development to optimally fit the local circumstances, including institutional settings such as preschools and schools. Crucial to this power is the alignment with broader cultural themes in the wider society
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Parents’ Concepts of the Successful School Child in Seven Western Cultures New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-03-01 Xin Feng, Sara Harkness, Charles M. Super, Barbara Welles, Moises Rios Bermudez, Sabrina Bonichini, Ughetta Moscardino, Piotr O. Zylicz
Although children's school success is a parental goal in most cultures, there is wide cultural variation in the qualities that parents most wish their children to develop for that purpose. A questionnaire contained forty-one child qualities was administered to 757 parents in seven cultural communities in Australia, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the United States. Exploratory factor
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Parents, Preschools, and the Developmental Niches of Young Children: A Study in Four Western Cultures New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-03-01 Sara Harkness, Charles M. Super, Sabrina Bonichini, Moises Rios Bermudez, Caroline Mavridis, Saskia D. M. Schaik, Alexandria Tomkunas, Jesús Palacios
Recent years have witnessed increasing attention to early childhood education and care as a foundation for children's successful development in school and beyond. The great majority of children in postindustrial societies now attend preschools or daycare, making this setting a major part of their culturally constructed developmental niches. Although an extensive literature demonstrates the importance
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Reshaping Parental Ethnotheories of Dutch-Moroccan Immigrant Parents in the Netherlands: Networking in Multiple Worlds New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-03-01 Mariëtte Haan, Marije Koeman, Micha Winter
Abstract Ethnotheories of immigrant parents residing in the Netherlands are reshaped in response to the multiple and diverse educational practices they come in contact with after migration. Network analyses of “parenting relationships” of first generation Dutch‐Moroccan parents living in the Netherlands show that they borrow from diverse resources including professionals and nonprofessionals in their
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Twice Exceptional Students: Gifts and Talents, the Performing Arts, and Juvenile Delinquency New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Elena L. Grigorenko
There is an increasing attention to the phenomenon referred to as "twice exceptional" ("2e") children, namely, children who demonstrate both exceptional abilities and disabilities. In this essay, this concept is applied to delinquency and/or emotional-behavior disorder and gifts (talents) in the performance arts, exploring the presence of this association and the support for it in the literature. The
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Cohesion of Cortical Language Networks During Word Processing Is Predicted by a Common Polymorphism in the SETBP1 Gene New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Natalia Rakhlin, Nicole Landi, Maria Lee, James S. Magnuson, Oxana Yu. Naumova, Irina V. Ovchinnikova, Elena L. Grigorenko
The etiological mechanisms of the genetic underpinnings of developmental language disorder (DLD) are unknown, in part due to the behavioral heterogeneity of the disorder's manifestations. In this study, we explored an association between the SETBP1 gene (18q21.1), revealed in a genome-wide association study of DLD in a geographically isolated population, and brain network-based endophenotypes of functional
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Mothers with a History of Child Welfare Involvement: A Brief Literature Review of Cross Generational Impact of Maternal Trauma New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Marina A. Zhukova
A number of studies to this day have examined the role of maternal childhood trauma in parenting styles, mental health, and child attachment patterns; however, there are limited data on parenting of mothers who were raised in institutional care (IC) and involved in the child welfare system. The current review focuses on maternal history of institutionalization and foster care placement and its impact
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Historical Trauma and American Indian/Alaska Native Youth Mental Health Development and Delinquency New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Jessica L. Garcia
Health disparities in American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth are well documented in the literature, as AI/AN youth appear to be more likely to experience trauma and engage in high-risk behavior, such as substance misuse and risky sexual behavior. These youth also appear disproportionally affected by the criminal justice system. Scholars contend that much of these disparities can be traced back
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Objective Assessment of Temperament in Temperamentally Vulnerable Children: Role in the Studies on Their Stress Levels New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Olga V. Burenkova, Aleksei A. Podturkin
Under conditions of suboptimal parental care, children with specific temperamental features have been shown to be especially vulnerable to the effects of stress. Most studies of temperamentally vulnerable children have been conducted using parental questionnaires, which are unfortunately not completely objective. An alternative approach, the use of objective methods for assessing temperament in childhood