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The role of controllability, resources, and effort in reducing prejudice against "unmarried" mothers. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-11-16 Doo Syen Kang
The term "unmarried" mothers is widely used in South Korea to indicate that carrying a baby without marriage is not culturally acceptable. A societal stigma, which single mothers experience, causes more abortion and doubles the burden of parenting alone. This study aimed to identify what type of information (onset/before pregnancy controllability, offset/after pregnancy ability and effort) contributes
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Market mindset can increase allocations in the trust game through proportional thinking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-11-02 Anna O Kuzminska,Agata Gasiorowska,Anna M Hełka,Tomasz Zaleskiewicz
Prior research has demonstrated that adopting the market mindset hinders interpersonal trust. In the present work, we show that this effect is not universal, as trust can rise when people with the market mindset perceive the situation as resembling market-pricing principles. We start by showing that the Trust Game represents an interaction that people perceive as being more similar to market-pricing
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Us versus them: The role of national identity in the formation of false memories for fake news. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-10-30 Treasa Delaney,Laura Castillo,Maximillian A Friehs,Benjamin Buttlar,Ciara M Greene
People are prone to forming false memories for fictitious events described in fake news stories. In this preregistered study, we hypothesized that the formation of false memories may be promoted when the fake news includes stereotypes that reflect positively on one's own nationality or negatively on another nationality. We exposed German and Irish participants (N = 1,184) to fabricated news stories
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Weighting ratings: Are people adjusting for bias in extreme reviews? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-10-30 Neel Ocean
The increasing importance of consumer ratings raises the question of whether people adjust for potentially fake or biased extreme opinions when judging products. Two studies tested treatments that trimmed the extremes of rating distributions. Neither removing extreme ratings while preserving the mean, nor flagging suspicious extreme ratings, nor priming individuals about review manipulation significantly
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Moral paragons, but crummy friends: The case of snitching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-10-30 Zachariah Berry,Ike Silver,Alex Shaw
Loyalty to friends is an important moral value, but does that mean snitching on friends is considered immoral? Across six preregistered studies, we examine how loyalty obligations impact people's moral evaluations of snitching (i.e., turning in others who commit transgressions). In vignette and incentivized partner choice paradigms, we find that witnesses who snitch (vs. do not snitch) are seen as
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Stereotypes and emotions as moderators of risk and race in judgments about juvenile probationers. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-10-05 Taylor Petty,Richard L Wiener
Little research has explored the psychological mechanisms underlying racial disparities in the juvenile justice system. In Phase 1, of our mock officer paradigm, participants completed a stereotype content model survey comparing ratings of warmth and competence between juvenile delinquents and other social categories. In Phase 2, participants reviewed a predisposition investigation and made predictions
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Racial bias in perceptions of children's pain. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-09-07 Kevin M Summers,Shane Pitts,E Paige Lloyd
Across eight experiments, we investigated whether adult perceivers (both lay perceivers and elementary school teachers) evaluate children's pain differently depending on the child's race. We found evidence that adults varying in racial and ethnic identities (but primarily White) believed 4- to 6-year-old Black children felt less pain than 4- to 6-year-old White children (Experiments 1-7), and this
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Speeding lectures to make time for retrieval practice: Can we improve the efficiency of interpolated testing? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-09-07 Evan F Risko,Junwen Liu,Laura Bianchi
Testing is increasingly recognized as an important tool in learning. One form of testing often used in lectures, particularly recorded lectures, is interpolated testing wherein tests are interspersed throughout the lecture. Like testing in general, interpolated testing appears to benefit performance on content tests among other outcome variables (e.g., mind wandering). While beneficial, adding testing
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The effects of generating examples on comprehension and metacomprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-09-04 Tricia A Guerrero,Thomas D Griffin,Jennifer Wiley
Teachers and students often report using examples to support learning. Research has shown benefits of viewing provided examples and generating examples during declarative concept learning; however, there is less work showing clear benefits when learners generate their own examples on comprehension measures while students are attempting to learn from expository science texts. The present study tested
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Disentangling the effects of message content and message sharer on students' views of political misinformation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-09-04 Eva M Janssen,Tamara van Gog
A consistent finding in fake news research is that people are more likely to believe content in favor of their political views. Unclear, however, is whether this political bias is moderated by contextual effects, such as politicians sharing content on their social media accounts. The present study investigated how both message content and sharer affect views of political misinformation. Participants
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Testing effects for self-generated versus experimenter-provided questions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-08-17 Sarah J Myers,Hannah Hausman,Matthew G Rhodes
Given the finding that retrieval practice improves memory, it is frequently suggested that students test themselves while studying. This study examined whether participants benefit from testing if they create and use their own test questions. In Experiment 1, participants read passages, generated questions about the passages, and then either answered their questions as they created them (the procedure
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Science communication gets personal: Ambivalent effects of self-disclosure in science communication on trust in science. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-08-17 Marlene Sophie Altenmüller,Lorenz Kampschulte,Laura Verbeek,Mario Gollwitzer
In an attempt to display themselves as warm, approachable, and trustworthy, researchers might reveal personal details about themselves (i.e., self-disclosure) when communicating their science to the public. Here, we test whether self-disclosure in science communication can actually increase public trust in science. We present six online experiments (overall N = 2,431), integrate their results in a
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I am (not) sorry: Interpersonal effects of neutralizations after a transgression. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-08-17 Bastiaan T Rutjens,Coen A Ackers,Gerben A van Kleef
After a transgression, people often use neutralizations to account for their behavior, for instance, by apologizing or offering a justification. Previous research has mostly centered around the intrapersonal effects of neutralizations on actors. Consequently, we know very little of the interpersonal effects of neutralizations on observers' perceptions and judgments. Our overarching hypothesis is that
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Repeated guessing attempts during acquisition can promote subsequent recall performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-08-10 Oliver Kliegl,Johannes Bartl,Karl-Heinz T Bäuml
Taking a pretest before to-be-learned material is studied can improve long-term retention of the material relative to material that was initially only studied. Using weakly associated word pairs (Experiments 1 and 3), Swahili-German word pairs (Experiment 2), and prose passages (Experiment 4) as study material, the present study examined whether this pretesting effect is modulated in size when pretests
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Choose as much as you wish: Freedom cues in the marketplace help consumers feel more satisfied with what they choose and improve customer experience. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-07-27 Barbara Fasolo,Raffaella Misuraca,Elena Reutskaja
Consumer satisfaction and customer experience are key predictors of an organization's future market growth, long-term customer loyalty, and profitability but are hard to maintain in marketplaces with abundance of choice. Building on self-determination theory, we experimentally test a novel intervention that leverages consumer need for autonomy. The intervention is a message called a "freedom cue" (FC)
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Identifying inefficient strategies in automation-aided signal detection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-07-20 Lana Tikhomirov,Megan L Bartlett,Jackson Duncan-Reid,Jason S McCarley
Automated diagnostic aids can assist human operators in signal detection tasks, providing alarms, warnings, or diagnoses. Operators often use decision aids poorly, though, falling short of best possible performance levels. Previous research has suggested that operators interact with binary signal detection aids using a sluggish contingent cutoff (CC) strategy (Robinson & Sorkin, 1985), shifting their
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The impact of probabilistic tornado warnings on risk perceptions and responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-07-20 Chao Qin,Susan Joslyn,Sonia Savelli,Julie Demuth,Rebecca Morss,Kevin Ash
Many warnings issued to members of the public are deterministic in that they do not include event likelihood information. This is true of the current polygon-based tornado warning used by the American National Weather Service, although the likelihood of a tornado varies within the boundaries of the polygon. To test whether adding likelihood information benefits end users, two experimental studies and
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Comparing the effectiveness of two theory-based strategies to promote cognitive training adherence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-07-20 Erin R Harrell,Nelson A Roque,Walter R Boot
This study compared the effectiveness of two theory-based strategies to promote cognitive training adherence among older adults (Mage = 70 years, SD = 4.42, range = 64-84). Strategies incorporated either (a) elements of implementation intention formation or (b) positive message framing, both of which have been found to promote adherence to health behaviors in other domains. Participants (N = 120) were
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Planning-to-binge: Time allocation for future media consumption. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-06-15 Joy Lu,Uma R Karmarkar,Vinod Venkatraman
The prevalence of streaming media has led firms to embrace the phenomenon of "binge-watching" by offering entire multipart series simultaneously. Such "on-demand" availability allows consumers to choose how to allocate future viewing time, but such decisions have received little attention in the literature. Across several studies, we show that individuals can plan binging in advance by allocating time
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Representational-mapping strategies improve learning from an online statistics textbook. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-06-12 Icy Yunyi Zhang,Maureen E Gray,Alicia Xiaoxuan Cheng,Ji Y Son,James W Stigler
Using multiple representations is an important part of learning and problem-solving in science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields. For students to acquire flexible knowledge of representations, they must attend to the structural information within each representation and practice making relational connections between representations. Most studies so far have only attempted to help students
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Mild aggressive behavior and images of real-life violence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Todd S Sechser,Abigail S Post
Several decades of research have explored the links between exposure to violent entertainment media and subsequent aggression. However, there has been little research on the effects of exposure to images of real-life violence. In the present study, participants viewed either a video portraying acts of real violence, fictional violence, or a nonviolent video. After watching the video, mild aggressive
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When do consumers favor overly precise information about investment returns? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Eleonore Batteux,Avri Bilovich,Zarema Khon,Samuel G B Johnson,David Tuckett
Consumers are often shown investment returns with high levels of precision, which could lead them to misunderstand the inherent uncertainty. We test whether consumers are drawn to precision-that is offset the uncertainty in investment decisions by over-relying on precise numerical information. Five incentivized experiments compared decisions when expected growth is presented in precise forecasts as
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Scrolling through fake news: The effect of presentation order on misinformation retention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-05-25 Yashi Edelijn,Vilde Dille Øvreeide,Steven Verheyen
Sharing information in real time leaves little room for double-checking. This leads to an abundance of low-quality information that might later need to be corrected and provides a foundation on which false beliefs can arise. Today, the general population often consults digital media platforms for news content. Because of the sheer amount of news articles and the various ways digital media platforms
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Does nuclear energy produce neodymium? Negative perception of nuclear energy drives the assumption that it is polluting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-05-08 Alicia Herrera-Masurel,Sacha Altay,Hugo Mercier
The public tends to exaggerate the dangers of nuclear energy, mistakenly associating it with various environmental problems such as ozone depletion and the production of CO₂. First, we investigate the acquisition of misconceptions about nuclear energy. In Experiments 1 (N = 198, United Kingdom) and 2 (N = 204, France), participants were more likely to develop new negative misconceptions about nuclear
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The cure effect: Individuals demand universal access for health treatments that claim to eliminate disease symptoms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-05-08 Mathew S Isaac
The present research documents a cure effect, whereby individuals are more likely to demand affordable prices when health treatments (e.g., drugs, medications, therapies) claim to eliminate (vs. reduce) disease symptoms. This preference for low-priced "cures" contradicts the fundamental premise of value-based pricing, which would expect individuals to tolerate higher prices for cures because they are
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People are worse at detecting fake news in their foreign language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-05-08 Rafał Muda,Gordon Pennycook,Damian Hamerski,Michał Białek
Across two preregistered within-subject experiments (N = 570), we found that when using their foreign language, proficient bilinguals discerned true from false news less accurately. This was the case for international news (Experiment 1) and more local news (Experiment 2). When using a foreign (as opposed to native) language, false news headlines were always judged more believable, while true news
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"It was not mentioned": Improving responses to unanswerable questions using retrieval instructions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-05-04 Ewa Skopicz-Radkiewicz,Monika Derda,Agnieszka Niedźwieńska
Previous research shows that posing many questions about an event may lead to asking questions about unwitnessed details and that people sometimes provide substantive and erroneous answers to them. Therefore, two experiments investigated the role of the problem-solving and judgment processes, which are unrelated to memory access, in improving responding to unanswerable questions. Experiment 1 compared
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Imagine distant-future outcome: Mental simulation of COVID-19 vaccinations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-04-13 Kosuke Motoki,Toshiki Saito,Yuji Takano
The COVID-19 pandemic is a global public health crisis. Although it has been expected that the vaccination of COVID-19 mitigates the crisis, some people are reluctant to receive the COVID-19 vaccination. Based on the theory of mental simulation and affective forecasting, we investigated how mental simulations influence COVID-19 vaccination intention. Three preregistered experiments were conducted (total
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Spatial alignment supports comparison of life science images. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-04-06 Nina K Simms,Bryan J Matlen,Benjamin D Jee,Dedre Gentner
Visual comparisons are pervasive in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) instruction and practice. In previous work, adults' visual comparisons of simple stimuli were faster and more accurate when the layout of a display facilitated alignment of corresponding elements-the spatial alignment principle (Matlen et al., 2020). Here, we asked whether the spatial alignment principle extends
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Understanding implicit bias (UIB): Experimental evaluation of an online bias education program. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-04-06 Carlee Beth Hawkins,Nicole Lofaro,Emily Umansky,Kate A Ratliff
Can people learn about implicit bias through an online course? We developed a brief (∼30 min) online educational program called Understanding Implicit Bias (UIB) consisting of four modules: (a) what is implicit bias? (b) the Implicit Association Test, (c) implicit bias and behavior, and (d) what can you do? In Experiment 1, we randomly assigned 6,729 college students across three separate samples to
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Playing a social dilemma game as an exploratory learning activity before instruction improves conceptual understanding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-03-27 Jason Bush,Marci S DeCaro,Daniel A DeCaro
Society's most pressing problems involve social dilemmas, yet few individuals recognize and understand their core components. We examined how a serious social dilemma game used in an educational setting impacted understanding of a classic social dilemma, the tragedy of the commons. Participants (N = 186) were randomly assigned to one of two gameplay conditions or a Lesson-Only condition without the
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Political and nonpolitical belief change elicits behavioral change. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-03-13 Madalina Vlasceanu,Casey E McMahon,Jay J Van Bavel,Alin Coman
Beliefs have long been theorized to predict behaviors and thus have been the target of many interventions aimed at changing false beliefs in the population. But does changing beliefs translate into predictable changes in behaviors? Here, we investigated the impact of belief change on behavioral change across two experiments (N = 576). Participants rated the accuracy of a set of health-related statements
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Less biased yet more defensive: The impact of control processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-03-09 Joseph A Vitriol,Brian A O'Shea,Jimmy Calanchini
Educational and training programs designed to reduce racial bias often focus on increasing people's awareness of psychological sources of their biases. However, when people learn about their biases, they often respond defensively, which can undermine the effectiveness of antibias interventions and the success of prejudice regulation. Using process (Quad) modeling, we provide one of the first investigations
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COVID-19 vaccine skeptics are persuaded by pro-vaccine expert consensus messaging. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-03-06 Michał Białek,Ethan A Meyers,Patrícia Arriaga,Damian Harateh,Arkadiusz Urbanek
To further understand how to combat COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy, we examined the effects of pro-vaccine expert consensus messaging on lay attitudes about vaccine safety and intention to get a COVID-19 vaccine. We surveyed 729 unvaccinated individuals from four countries in the early stages of the pandemic and 472 unvaccinated individuals from two countries after 2 years of the pandemic. We found
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Automated decision aids: When are they advisors and when do they take control of human decision making? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-03-06 Luke Strickland,Russell J Boag,Andrew Heathcote,Vanessa Bowden,Shayne Loft
We applied a computational model to examine the extent to which participants used an automated decision aid as an advisor, as compared to a more autonomous trigger of responding, at varying levels of decision aid reliability. In an air traffic control conflict detection task, we found higher accuracy when the decision aid was correct, and more errors when the decision aid was incorrect, as compared
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Reducing vaccine hesitancy by explaining vaccine science. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-03-06 Susan Joslyn,Chao Qin,Jee Hoon Han,Sonia Savelli,Nidhi Agrawal
Vaccine hesitancy in the COVID-19 pandemic remained a problem long after mRNA vaccines became available. This may be due in part to misunderstandings about the vaccines, arising from complexities of the science involved. Two experiments, conducted on unvaccinated Americans at two periods postvaccine rollout in 2021, demonstrated that providing explanations, expressed in everyday language, and correcting
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Effects of inductive learning and gamification on news veracity discernment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-03-02 Ariana Modirrousta-Galian,Philip A Higham,Tina Seabrooke
This preregistered study tests a novel psychological intervention to improve news veracity discernment. The main intervention involved inductive learning (IL) training (i.e., practice discriminating between multiple true and fake news exemplars with feedback) with or without gamification. Participants (N = 282 Prolific users) were randomly assigned to either a gamified IL intervention, a nongamified
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Mental simulation across sensory modalities predicts attractiveness of food concepts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-01-09 Laura J Speed,Esther K Papies,Asifa Majid
Concepts are grounded in mental simulation of sensory information, but the exact role it plays in everyday cognition is unknown. Here, we investigate its role in an important conceptual domain relevant for everyday behavior-food. We conducted two preregistered studies to test whether multimodal mental simulation is linked to attractiveness of food concepts. In Study 1, using the Lancaster Sensorimotor
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Follow my example, for better and for worse: The influence of behavioral traces on recycling decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2023-01-05 Sabine Topf,Maarten Speekenbrink
Recycling behavior can recover valuable materials and mitigate green house gas emissions from landfills and incinerators. The potential positive impact of individuals' recycling behavior depends on others also making an effort, for instance, avoiding contamination. Knowing what other people have done may therefore influence recycling behavior. Behavioral traces are evidence of other people's behavior
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Gender equality eliminates gender gaps in engagement with female-stereotypic domains. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-12-22 Corinne A Moss-Racusin,Samantha A Rapp,Sophie S Brown,Kerry A O'Brien,Alyssa Croft
Although prior work reveals that gender bias against women produces gender gaps favoring men in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics engagement, research has yet to explore whether gender bias against men produces gender gaps favoring women in health care, early education, and domestic (HEED) engagement. Supporting preregistered predictions, results from an online study with MTurkers (N
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Watching the mimickers: Mimicry and identity in observed interactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-12-15 Christian Bretter,Kerrie L Unsworth,Mark A Robinson
Mimicry enhances one's judgments of the mimicker when it is directed toward the self. However, often interactions do not involve only the participants; observers also judge people, and such judgments are influenced by social identities. So, does mimicry also have positive effects even on observers' evaluations of the mimicker? Furthermore, does that hold even if the mimicker is an out-group member
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Decisions about overdraft coverage: Disclosure design and personal finances. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Alycia Chin,David Zimmerman,Heidi Johnson,Suzanne B Shu
Policymakers often require disclosures to help consumers make informed decisions, despite considerable debate over disclosures' effectiveness. Traditional accounts argue that consumers with stable preferences use disclosures to become informed. In contrast, behavioral research suggests that consumers may be inattentive or construct preferences in the moment. We contrast these accounts in the context
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Mitigating consequence insensitivity for genetically engineered crops. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-11-10 Yoel Inbar,Gabi Waldhof
Many opponents of genetically engineered (GE) food say that it ought to be prohibited regardless of the risks and benefits (Scott et al., 2016). If many people are truly unwilling to consider risks and benefits in evaluating GE technology, this poses serious problems for scientists and policymakers. In a large demographically-representative German sample (N = 3,025), we investigate consequence-insensitive
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Number lines can be more effective at facilitating adults' performance on health-related ratio problems than risk ladders and icon arrays. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-11-03 Marta K Mielicki,Charles J Fitzsimmons,Lauren K Schiller,Dan Scheibe,Jennifer M Taber,Pooja G Sidney,Percival G Matthews,Erika A Waters,Karin G Coifman,Clarissa A Thompson
Visual displays, such as icon arrays and risk ladders, are often used to communicate numerical health information. Number lines improve reasoning with rational numbers but are seldom used in health contexts. College students solved ratio problems related to COVID-19 (e.g., number of deaths and number of cases) in one of four randomly assigned conditions: icon arrays, risk ladders, number lines, or
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Information processing biases: The effects of negative emotional symptoms on sampling pleasant and unpleasant information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-10-06 Steffen A Herff,Ina Dorsheimer,Brigitte Dahmen,Jon B Prince
Although theories of emotion associate negative emotional symptoms with cognitive biases in information processing, they rarely specify the details. Here, we characterize cognitive biases in information processing of pleasant and unpleasant information, and how these biases covary with anxious and depressive symptoms, while controlling for general stress and cognitive ability. Forty undergraduates
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Cause typicality and the continued influence effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-10-06 Patrick R Rich,Amalia M Donovan,David N Rapp
A large body of research has focused on whether and how readers update their knowledge of events when an initial piece of causal information is corrected. These studies have indicated that corrections can reduce, but do not eliminate, readers' reliance on the initial cause when drawing inferences or making decisions about the events (i.e., the continued influence effect). Additional studies suggest
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Rejecters overestimate the negative consequences they will face from refusal. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-10-06 Jingyi Lu,Qingwen Fang,Tian Qiu
People often find it difficult to refuse requests from others partially because they are concern about the negative consequences they will face from saying "no." However, are these concerns well founded? The results from seven studies (N = 2,132) and four supplementary studies (N = 1,470) showed that rejecters overestimated these negative consequences. This overestimation persisted in hypothetical
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Remembering what to do when the time comes: The effects of offloading in a complex prospective memory task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-10-06 Craig Fellers,Toshiya Miyatsu,Benjamin C Storm
Two experiments examined the effects of cognitive offloading on a complex prospective memory task. Participants underwent a simulated telehealth examination in which they learned about dry eye disease and its treatment. They were asked to email the experimenter at 7:00 p.m., 2 days later, at which point they attempted to recall the medical information about dry eye. Participants in the offload condition
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Fostering perceptions of authenticity via sensitive self-disclosure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-10-06 Li Jiang,Leslie K John,Reihane Boghrati,Maryam Kouchaki
Leaders' perceived authenticity-the sense that leaders are acting in accordance with their "true self"-is associated with positive outcomes for both employees and organizations alike. How might leaders foster this impression? We show that sensitive self-disclosure, in the form of revealing weaknesses, makes leaders come across as authentic (Studies 1 and 2)-because observers infer that the discloser
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The mazing race: Effects of interruptions and benefits of interruption lags in a novel maze-like decision-making paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-10-03 Jennifer F Sloane,Ben R Newell,Garston Liang,Chris Donkin
Interruptions are an inevitable, and often negative, part of everyday life that increase both errors and the time needed to complete even menial tasks. However, existing research suggests that being given time to prepare for a pending interruption-a lag time-can mitigate some of the interruption costs. To understand better why interruption lags are effective, we present a series of three experiments
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Unraveling the effects of rubrics and exemplars on student writing performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-09-29 Anastasiya A Lipnevich,Ernesto Panadero,Terrence Calistro
Teachers across educational systems struggle to find time to provide quality feedback to their students. Asking students to create their own feedback has been shown to enhance students' performance. In this experimental study, we explored the effects of rubrics and exemplars on writing performance, encouraging students to employ these tools for self-feedback generation. Two hundred six 9th- and 10th-grade
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Perceptual grouping affects students' propensity to make inferences consistent with their misconceptions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-09-29 Jingyi Liu,Laura R Novick
People have many incorrect beliefs about evolutionary relationships among living things, in part due to the prominence people place on observable similarities as indicators of such. Consider: People think that porpoises and whales are more closely related to manatees than to bison based on their shared aquatic habitat. Our research asked whether it is possible to combat misconceptions using compelling
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Can conflict cultivate collaboration? The positive impact of mild versus intense task conflict via perceived openness rather than emotions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-08-25 Ming-Hong Tsai
Previous research has demonstrated negative associations between task-relevant conflicts and collaboration. To supplement the previous findings and explore the potential benefits of conflicts, we differentiate between two types of task conflict expressions (i.e., mild vs. intense task conflicts, such as debates vs. disagreements regarding work-related issues) in dyad interactions and propose the differential
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AI composer bias: Listeners like music less when they think it was composed by an AI. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-08-25 Daniel B Shank,Courtney Stefanik,Cassidy Stuhlsatz,Kaelyn Kacirek,Amy M Belfi
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) to compose music is becoming mainstream. Yet, there is a concern that listeners may have biases against AIs. Here, we test the hypothesis that listeners will like music less if they think it was composed by an AI. In Study 1, participants listened to excerpts of electronic and classical music and rated how much they liked the excerpts and whether they thought
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Video speeding can be efficient and speeding-induced preference cost can be lessened by selective speeding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-08-25 Anna M Wright,Kelly E Carter,Sarah A Bibyk,Christopher B Jaeger,Duane G Watson,Daniel T Levin
Over the past decade, screen-captured instructional videos have become popular tools for learning. Viewers wanting to learn efficiently can play these videos at faster-than-normal speeds, a feature offered by hosting services such as YouTube. Although previous research suggests that moderate speeding may not lessen learning, little research has tested this form of media for speeding-induced learning
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What is the impact of interleaving practice and delaying judgments on the accuracy of category-learning judgments? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-08-25 Nathaniel L Foster,Michael L Mueller,John Dunlosky,Lauren Finkenthal
How could people enhance the accuracy of judgments for predicting math performance on an upcoming test? Research on category-learning judgments shows that their accuracy is poor for predicting performance for mathematics concepts. Based on cue-utilization theory, interleaved practice (which can enhance performance) and delaying judgments after initial study were expected to produce diagnostic cues
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People think the everyday effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are not as bad for people in poverty. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-08-15 Nathan N Cheek
Many of the everyday restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., lockdowns, being apart from loved ones) are even worse for those with fewer financial and material resources, but a series of experiments (total N = 1,452) suggests that people think the opposite. Indeed, participants consistently displayed a "thick skin bias," whereby they perceived effects of the pandemic such as sheltering
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Do partial and distributed tests enhance new learning? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-08-11 Hilary J Don,Chunliang Yang,Shaun Boustani,David R Shanks
Testing facilitates subsequent learning of new information, a phenomenon known as the forward testing effect. The effect is often investigated in multilist procedures, where studied lists are followed by a retrieval test, or a control task such as restudying, and learning is compared on the final list. In most studies of the effect, tests include all material from the preceding list. We report four
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What determines hindsight bias in written work? One field and three experimental studies in the context of Wikipedia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-08-04 Marcel Meuer,Steffen Nestler,Aileen Oeberst
Hindsight bias not only occurs in individual perception but in written work (e.g., Wikipedia articles) as well. To avoid the possibility that biased written representations of events distort the views of broad audiences, one needs to understand the factors that determine hindsight bias in written work. Therefore, we tested the effect of three potential determinants: the extent to which an event evokes
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An appropriate verbal probability lexicon for communicating surgical risks is unlikely to exist. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (IF 2.813) Pub Date : 2022-07-28 Adam J L Harris,Tracy Tran,Sarah C Jenkins,Adelia Su,Lexi He,Yifei Zhu,Simon Gane
Effective risk communication about medical procedures is critical to ethical shared decision-making. Here, we explore the potential for development of an evidence-based lexicon for verbal communication of surgical risk. We found that Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) surgeons expressed a preference for communicating such risks using verbal probability expressions (VPEs; e.g., "high risk"). However, there