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The sequencing of trials during partial reinforcement affects subsequent extinction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-06 Justin A Harris
If a conditioned stimulus or response has been inconsistently ("partially") reinforced, conditioned responding will take longer to extinguish than if responding had been established by consistent ("continuous") reinforcement. This partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) is one of the best-known phenomena in associative learning but defies ready explanation by associative models which assume
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Effect of instructions on the microstructure of human schedule performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-26 Xiaosheng Chen,Phil Reed
Three experiments examined the effect of instructions on human free-operant performance on random ratio (RR) and random interval (RI) schedules. Both rates of responding, and the microstructure of behavior, were explored to determine whether bout-initiation and within-bout responding may be controlled by different processes. The results demonstrated that responding in acquisition (Experiments 1 and
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The effects of feature extinction in dual-response feature-positive discriminations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Sara R Bond,Jordan Nerz,Sophie Jones,Taryn Pittman,Nate Jones,Kenneth J Leising
In a typical feature-positive discrimination, responding is reinforced (+) during the target stimulus (A) on trials with the feature stimulus (X), but not during target-alone trials (A-). When X and A are presented simultaneously, direct control by X is typically observed; however, when the stimuli are presented serially, X sets the occasion for responding to A. In the current dual-response procedures
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Switching from sucrose to saccharin: Extended successive negative contrast is not maintained by hedonic changes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Simone Rehn,Robert A Boakes,Dominic M Dwyer
Previous experiments found that acceptance of saccharin by rats was reduced if they had prior experience of sucrose or some other highly palatable solution. This reduction in saccharin consumption was particularly extended after a switch from sucrose. On the surface, this seems to correspond to a successive negative contrast (SNC) effect. This term was coined by C. F. Flaherty to describe the situation
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The role of numerical and nonnumerical magnitudes in pigeons' conditional discrimination behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Francisca Diaz,Edward A Wasserman
Research on approximate numerical estimation suggests that numerical representations can be influenced by nonnumerical magnitudes. Current theories of numerical cognition differ on the nature of this interaction. The present project evaluated the effect of task requirements on the stimulus control exerted by numerical and nonnumerical magnitudes on pigeons' numerical discrimination behavior. In a series
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Same/different discrimination of motion by pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Robert G Cook,Muhammad A J Qadri,Daniel I Brooks
Telling that one object or moment is different from another one is fundamental to cognition and intelligent behavior. Most investigations examining same/different (S/D) concepts in animals have relied on testing static visual stimuli. To move beyond this limitation, we investigated how five pigeons learned and performed a motion S/D discrimination. Using a go/no-go task, dynamic motion fields built
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Primacy and recency in snails (Cornu aspersum). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Pablo Rubio,Judit Muñiz-Moreno,Ignacio Loy
Pavlovian conditioning has been proven to be useful for the study of associative learning and animal cognition. This procedure can be used to observe certain memory phenomena. The appetitive conditioning of several neutral stimuli can result in higher response rates, and therefore a better memory, for the first and last stimuli of the series. This is equivalent to primacy and recency effects. In this
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Transition between habits and goal-directed actions in the renewal effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Shun Fujimaki,Yutaka Kosaki
Three experiments with rats explored whether previously extinguished goal-directed and habitual responding recover with the same status using an ABA renewal preparation. In Experiments 1a and 1b, a lever-press response was minimally (four sessions) or extensively (16 sessions) trained in one context (Context A) and extinguished in another context (Context B). Then, outcome devaluation took place in
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Conditional discrimination learning by pigeons: Stimulus-response chains or occasion setters? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-09-28 Thomas R Zentall,Daniel N Peng
In conditional discrimination, the conditional stimulus or sample indicates which of two choice or comparison stimuli is associated with a reinforcer. Two hypotheses have been proposed concerning the role of the sample stimulus. According to Hull (1952), the sample and the response to the correct comparison form a stimulus-response chain. According to Skinner (1938), however, the sample serves as an
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Correction to Civile et al. (2023). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-17
Reports an error in "Modulating perceptual learning indexed by the face inversion effect: Simulating the application of transcranial direct current stimulation using the MKM model" by Ciro Civile, Rossy McLaren, Charlotte Forrest, Anna Cooke and Ian P. L. McLaren (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 2023[Jul], Vol 49[3], 139-150). The article is being made available open
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Stimulus control and delayed outcomes in a human causality judgment task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-01 Phil Reed
Three experiments examined the impact of delayed outcomes on stimulus control of causal judgments using an interdimensional generalization procedure. Human participants rated the causal effectiveness of responses on multiple schedules, and then underwent a generalization test. In Experiment 1, a 3 s unsignaled outcome delay reduced ratings of causal effectiveness, relative to an immediate outcome,
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Modulating perceptual learning indexed by the face inversion effect: Simulating the application of transcranial direct current stimulation using the MKM model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-01 Ciro Civile,Rossy McLaren,Charlotte Forrest,Anna Cooke,Ian P L McLaren
We report here two large studies investigating the effects of an established transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) procedure on perceptual learning as indexed by the face inversion effect. Experiments 1a and 1b (n = 128) examined the harmful generalization from Thatcherized faces to normal faces by directly comparing the size of the inversion effect for normal faces when presented intermixed
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Category relevance attenuates overshadowing in human predictive learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-01 José A Alcalá,José Prados,Gonzalo P Urcelay
In situations in which multiple predictors anticipate the presence or absence of an outcome, cues compete to anticipate the outcome, resulting in a loss of associative strength compared to control conditions without additional cues. Critically, there are multiple factors modulating the magnitude and direction of such competition, although in some scenarios the effect of these factors remains unexplored
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Intermixed rapid exposure to similar stimuli reduces the effective salience of their distinctive features. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-01 Jesús Sánchez,Ana González,Isabel de Brugada
Intermixed exposure to two similar stimuli, for example, AX and BX, improves subsequent discrimination between them compared to blocked exposure (the intermixed/blocked effect). Salience modulation models, developed mainly from research with nonhuman animals and exposure to widely spaced similar stimuli, explain this effect in terms of increased salience of the unique elements, A and B. Conversely
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Partial reinforcement extinction and omission effects in the elimination and recovery of discriminated operant behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Eric A Thrailkill
Three experiments explored how training reinforcement schedules and context influence the elimination and recovery of human operant behavior. In Experiment 1, participants learned a discriminated operant response in Context A before the response was eliminated with extinction in Context B. They then received a final test in each context. Groups were trained with a discriminative stimulus that predicted
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The opportunity to compare similar stimuli can reduce the effectiveness of features they hold in common. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-04-01 Jesús Sánchez,Ana González,Geoffrey Hall,Isabel de Brugada
In three experiments, rats were given experience of flavored solutions AX and BX, where A and B represent distinctive flavors and X a flavor common to both solutions. In one condition, AX and BX were presented on the same trial separated by a 5-min interval (intermixed preexposure). In another condition, each daily trial consisted of presentations of only AX or only BX (blocked preexposure). The properties
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Retardation of acquisition after conditioned inhibition and latent inhibition training in human causal learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-04-01 Peter F Lovibond,Julie Y L Chow,Jessica C Lee
Inhibitory stimuli are slow to acquire excitatory properties when paired with the outcome in a retardation test. However, this pattern is also seen after simple nonreinforced exposure: latent inhibition. It is commonly assumed that retardation would be stronger for a conditioned inhibitor than for a latent inhibitor, but there is surprisingly little empirical evidence comparing the two in either animals
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Externalizing forgetting: Delay testing in a long operant chamber. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-04-01 Catarina Soares,Ana Sousa,Carlos Pinto
In a long operant chamber, pigeons were trained to discriminate between 4-s and 12-s samples in a symbolic matching-to-sample task. Subsequently, delay and no-sample test trials were introduced. The location in the chamber in which the trial started and each comparison was presented varied across three experiments. Our main goals were to assess the effect of the delay and to compare preferences on
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Intricacies of running a route without success in night-active bull ants (Myrmecia midas). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-04-01 Sudhakar Deeti,Muzahid Islam,Cody Freas,Trevor Murray,Ken Cheng
How do ants resolve conflicts between different sets of navigational cues during navigation? When two cue sets point to diametrically opposite directions, theories predict that animals should pick one set of cues or the other. Here we tested how nocturnal bull ants Myrmecia midas adjust their paths along established routes if route following does not lead to their entry into their nest. During testing
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Focused-attention mindfulness increases sensitivity to current schedules of reinforcement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-04-01 Phil Reed
Four experiments explored the impact of focused-attention mindfulness training on human performance on free-operant schedules of reinforcement. In each experiment, human participants responded on a multiple random ratio (RR), random interval (RI) schedule. In all experiments, responding was higher on RR than RI schedules, despite equated rates of reinforcement. A 10-min focused-attention mindfulness
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Temporal order processing in rats depends on the training protocol. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Sloane Paulcan,Anne Giersch,Virginie van Wassenhove,Valérie Doyère
The perception of temporal order can help infer the causal structure of the world. By investigating the perceptual signatures of audiovisual temporal order in rats, we demonstrate the importance of the protocol design for reliable order processing. Rats trained with both reinforced audiovisual trials and non-reinforced unisensory trials (two consecutive tones or flashes) learned the task surprisingly
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Temporal encoding: Relative and absolute representations of time guide behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Başak Akdoğan,Amita Wanar,Benjamin K Gersten,Charles R Gallistel,Peter D Balsam
Temporal information-processing is critical for adaptive behavior and goal-directed action. It is thus crucial to understand how the temporal distance between behaviorally relevant events is encoded to guide behavior. However, research on temporal representations has yielded mixed findings as to whether organisms utilize relative versus absolute judgments of time intervals. To address this fundamental
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Pigeons discount continuously changing perspective during action recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-11-10 Robert G Cook,Daniel Brooks,Muhammad A J Qadri
An important challenge for animal and artificial visual systems is separating the system's own motions from the movements of other animals or events. To examine this issue in birds, we conducted three experiments testing four pigeons in a go/no-go action discrimination. The pigeons discriminated whether a digital human model was exhibiting an extended series of articulated motions or one of a set of
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Inhibition in discriminated operant learning: Tests of response-specificity after feature-negative and extinction learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-10-01 Michael R Steinfeld,Mark E Bouton
Six experiments with rats examined the nature of inhibition learned in an operant feature-negative (FN) discrimination. The results of prior experiments that examined instrumental extinction rather than FN learning suggest that inhibition can be very specific to the inhibited response. In Experiment 1, we trained lever-press and chain-pull responses in separate but parallel FN discriminations (AR1+
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Response-independent outcome presentations weaken the instrumental response-outcome association. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-10-01 Byron Crimmins,Thomas J Burton,Molly McNulty,Vincent Laurent,Genevra Hart,Bernard W Balleine
The present article explored the fate of previously formed response-outcome associations when the relation between R and O was disrupted by arranging for O to occur independently of R. In each of three experiments response independent outcome delivery selectively reduced the R earning that O. Nevertheless, in Experiments 1 and 2, the R continued to show sensitivity to outcome devaluation, suggesting
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Hierarchical and configural control in conditional discrimination learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-10-01 Ellen M O'Donoghue,Leyre Castro,Edward A Wasserman
Considerable discussion has concerned the role of context in conditional discrimination learning. Some authors have proposed that contexts might operate hierarchically on CS-US associations, whereas others have proposed that the context plus the CS might be processed configurally. In the present article, we report the results of two experiments that assessed the role of context on pigeons' conditional
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Assessing complex odor discrimination in mice using a novel instrumental patterning task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-10-01 Tanya A Gupta,Carter W Daniels,Jorge I Espinoza,Brian H Smith,Federico Sanabria
Negative patterning tasks are a key tool to unveil the mechanisms by which stimulus representations are acquired-a central concern in Robert Rescorla's research. In these tasks, target stimuli are reinforced when presented individually (A+/B+) but not when presented in compound (AB-). The discrimination of single stimuli from their compound presentation is a challenge for theories of associative learning
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Reinforcement rate and the balance between excitatory and inhibitory learning: Insights from deletion of the GluA1 AMPA receptor subunit. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-10-01 Joseph M Austen,Rolf Sprengel,David J Sanderson
Conditioned responding is sensitive to reinforcement rate. This rate-sensitivity is impaired in genetically modified mice that lack the GluA1 subunit of the AMPA receptor. A time-dependent application of the Rescorla-Wagner learning rule can be used to derive an account of rate-sensitivity by reflecting the balance of excitatory and inhibitory associative strength over time. By applying this analysis
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On the importance of feedback for categorization: Revisiting category learning experiments using an adaptive filter model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-10-01 Nicolás Marchant,Sergio E Chaigneau
Associative accounts of category learning have been, for the most part, abandoned in favor of cognitive explanations (e.g., similarity, explicit rules). In the current work, we implement an Adaptive Linear Filter (ALF) closely related to the Rescorla and Wagner learning rule, and use it to tackle three learning tasks that pose challenges to an associative view of category learning. Across three computational
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Developments in associative theory: A tribute to the contributions of Robert A. Rescorla. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-10-01 Ruth M Colwill,Andrew R Delamater,K Matthew Lattal
The field of associative learning theory was forever changed by the contributions of Robert A. Rescorla. He created an organizational structure that gave us a framework for thinking about the key questions surrounding learning theory: what are the conditions that produce learning?, what is the content of that learning?, and how is that learning expressed in performance? He gave us beautifully sophisticated
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There's something about a pattern: Choice between pattern and random sequences in implicit learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-09-29 Charles Locurto,James Donohue,Amy Hasenauer,Daniel McMaster,Matthew Morrow,Gabriela Castro,Pilar Segura Tobarra,Alexandra Eckert
Three experiments examined the preference for pattern versus random sequences. In all experiments the elements composing the sequences were visual images presented sequentially on a touchscreen. Reinforcement was randomly programmed on .16 of the element presentations for each type of trial. For pattern sequences the elements occurred in the same order and at the same location on each presentation
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Behavioral studies of spinal conditioning: The spinal cord is smarter than you think it is. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-28 James W Grau,Kelsey E Hudson,Megan M Tarbet,Misty M Strain
In 1988 Robert Rescorla published an article in the Annual Review of Neuroscience that addressed the circumstances under which learning occurs, some key methodological issues, and what constitutes an example of learning. The article has inspired a generation of neuroscientists, opening the door to a wider range of learning phenomena. After reviewing the historical context for his article, its key points
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The role of prediction in learned predictiveness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Carla J Eatherington,Mark Haselgrove
Learning permits even relatively uninteresting stimuli to capture attention if they are established as predictors of important outcomes. Associative theories explain this "learned predictiveness" effect by positing that attention is a function of the relative strength of the association between stimuli and outcomes. In three experiments we show that this explanation is incomplete: learned overt visual-attention
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Signal detection analysis of contingency assessment: Associative interference and nonreinforcement impact cue-outcome contingency sensitivity, whereas cue density affects bias. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Jérémie Jozefowiez,Gonzalo P Urcelay,Ralph R Miller
In a signal detection theory approach to associative learning, the perceived (i.e., subjective) contingency between a cue and an outcome is a random variable drawn from a Gaussian distribution. At the end of the sequence, participants report a positive cue-outcome contingency provided the subjective contingency is above some threshold. Some researchers have suggested that the mean of the subjective
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Generalization following symmetrical intradimensional discrimination training. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 David W Ng,Jessica C Lee,Brett K Hayes,Peter F Lovibond
A challenge for generalization models is to specify how excitation generated from a CS+ (i.e., positive evidence) should interact with inhibition from a CS- (i.e., negative evidence) to produce generalized responding. Empirically, many generalization phenomena are consistent with the monotonicity principle, which states that additional positive evidence should increase generalized responding, whereas
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Perceptual learning after rapidly alternating exposure to taste compounds: Assessment with different indices of generalization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Jesús Sánchez,Dominic M Dwyer,Robert C Honey,Isabel de Brugada
Exposure to two similar stimuli (AX and BX; e.g., two tastes) reduces the extent to which a conditioned response later established to BX generalizes to AX. This example of perceptual learning is more evident when AX and BX are exposed in an alternating manner (AX, BX, AX, BX,…) than when AX and BX occur in separate blocks (e.g., AX, AX,…BX, BX,…). We examined in male rats (N = 126) the impact of rapid
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Using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to influence decision criterion in a target detection paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-23 Ciro Civile,Rossy McLaren,Anna Cooke,I P L McLaren
In this article we investigate how a psychological theory used to model perceptual learning and face recognition can be used to predict that anodal tDCS delivered over the DLPFC at Fp3 site (for 10 mins duration at 1.5 mA intensity) modulates the decision criterion, C, (and not d-prime [d']) in a target detection task. In two between-subjects and double-blind experiments (n = 112) we examined the tDCS
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A response function that maps associative strengths to probabilities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-06 Stefano Ghirlanda
Bridging associative and normative theories of animal learning, I show that an associative system can behave as if performing probabilistic inference by using the function f(V) = 1 - e-cV to transform associative strengths (V) into response probabilities. For example, using this function, an associative system can respond normatively to a compound stimulus AB, given previous separate experiences with
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Reversal of inhibition by no-modulation training but not by extinction in human causal learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-02 Peter F Lovibond,Julie Y L Chow,Cheryl Tobler,Jessica C Lee
One of the many strengths of the Rescorla and Wagner (1972) model is that it accounts for both excitatory and inhibitory learning using a single error-correction mechanism. However, it makes the counterintuitive prediction that nonreinforced presentations of an inhibitory stimulus will lead to extinction of its inhibitory properties. Zimmer-Hart and Rescorla (1974) provided the first of several animal
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Delaying extinction weakens the partial reinforcement extinction effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-12 Shanae E Norton,Justin A Harris
Conditioned responding that has been extinguished can spontaneously return when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is first presented after an extended delay. This spontaneous recovery of responding suggests that the memory of nonreinforced experience with the CS is impaired over the delay period. Rescorla (2007) provided evidence that this effect of time on nonreinforcement is not specific to extinction
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Associative change in Pavlovian conditioning: A reappraisal. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-12 Robert C Honey,Dominic M Dwyer,Adela F Iliescu
Robert A. Rescorla changed how Pavlovian conditioning was studied and interpreted. His empirical contributions were fundamental and theoretically driven. One involved testing a central tenet of the model that he developed with Allan R. Wagner. The Rescorla-Wagner learning rule uses a pooled error term to determine changes in a directional association between the representations of the conditioned stimulus
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The Rescorla-Wagner Model: The culmination of Hume's theory of causation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-12 Edward A Wasserman,Leyre Castro
The associative learning theory of Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner has been duly celebrated for its 50-year reign as the predominant model in learning science. One special recognition is warranted: its close correspondence with David Hume's associative theory of causality judgment. Hume's rules by which causes come to suggest effects are not only embraced by the Rescorla-Wagner model, but their mechanistic
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Testing improves performance as well as assesses learning: A review of the testing effect with implications for models of learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-04-21 Cody W Polack,Ralph R Miller
Taking a test of previously studied material has been shown to improve long-term subsequent test performance in a large variety of well controlled experiments with both human and nonhuman subjects. This phenomenon is called the testing effect. The promise that this benefit has for the field of education has biased research efforts to focus on applied instances of the testing effect relative to efforts
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Valence generalization across nonrecurring structures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Micah Amd
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Pavlovian summation: Data and theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Stefano Ghirlanda
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Pigeon's choice depends primarily on the value of the signal for the outcome rather than its frequency or contrast. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Thomas R Zentall,Daniel N Peng,Peyton M Mueller
Pigeons typically prefer a 20% probability of signaled reinforcement over a 50% probability of unsignaled reinforcement. There is even evidence that they prefer 50% signaled reinforcement over 100% reinforcement. It has been suggested that this effect results from contrast between the expected probability of reinforcement (e.g., 50%) at the time of choice and the value of the positive signal for reinforcement
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Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) perceive the Müller-Lyer illusion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Sota Watanabe
A Müller-Lyer figure consists only of a line and arrowheads located at both ends of the line. Many comparative studies have reported that animals perceive Müller-Lyer illusion as humans, but few have used appropriate experimental designs to verify whether animal subjects actually respond to line length alone. The present study investigated whether budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) can perceive
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Inhibitory summation as a form of generalization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Julie Y L Chow,Jessica C Lee,Peter F Lovibond
Inhibitory learning after feature negative training (A+/AB-) is typically measured by combining the Feature B with a separately trained excitor (e.g., C) in a summation test. Reduced responding to C is taken as evidence that B has properties directly opposite to those of C. However, in human causal learning, transfer of B's inhibitory properties to another excitor is modest and depends on individual
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Blocking is not 'pure' cue competition: Renewal-like effects in forward and backward blocking indicate contributions by associative cue interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-02-28 Gonzalo Miguez,Ralph R Miller
Blocking (i.e., reduced responding to cue X following YX-outcome pairings in Phase 2 as a consequence of cue Y having been paired with the outcome in Phase 1) is one of the signature phenomena in Pavlovian conditioning. Its discovery promoted the development of multiple associative models, most of which viewed blocking as an instance of pure cue competition (i.e., a decrease in responding attributable
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Location as a feature in pigeons' recognition of visual objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Stephen E G Lea,Guido de Filippo,Christina Meier
A number of different phenomena in pigeon visual cognition suggest that pigeons do not immediately recognize two identical objects in different locations as being "the same." To examine this question directly, pigeons were trained in an absolute go/no-go discrimination between arbitrary selections from sets of 16 images of paintings by Claude Monet. Of the eight positive stimuli, four always appeared
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The effects of stimulus pre-exposure and conditioning on overt visual attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 James Byron Nelson,Anton Navarro,Paula Balea,Maria Del Carmen Sanjuan
Three experiments (a, b, c) combined to provide a well-powered examination of the effects of stimulus pre-exposure and conditioning on visual attention using an eye tracker and a space-shooter video game where a colored flashing light predicted an attacking spaceship. In each, group "control" received no pre-exposure to the light, group "same" received pre-exposure in the same context as conditioning
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Theory protection: Do humans protect existing associative links? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Stuart G Spicer,Chris J Mitchell,Andy J Wills,Katie L Blake,Peter M Jones
Theories of associative learning often propose that learning is proportional to prediction error, or the difference between expected events and those that occur. Spicer et al. (2020) suggested an alternative, that humans might instead selectively attribute surprising outcomes to cues that they are not confident about, to maintain cue-outcome associations about which they are more confident. Spicer
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Nonreactive testing: Evaluating the effect of withholding feedback in predictive learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-11-29 Jessica C Lee,Mike E Le Pelley,Peter F Lovibond
Learning of cue-outcome relationships in associative learning experiments is often assessed by presenting cues without feedback about the outcome and informing participants to expect no outcomes to occur. The rationale is that this "no-feedback" testing procedure prevents new learning during testing that might contaminate the later test trials. We tested this assumption in 4 predictive learning experiments
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Elements of a compound elicit little conditioned reinforcement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-11-29 Valeria V González,Benjamin M Seitz,Rachel Formaker,Aaron P Blaisdell
The acquisition of instrumental responding can be supported by primary reinforcers or by conditional (also known as secondary) reinforcers that themselves have an association to a primary reinforcer. While primary reinforcement has been heavily studied for the past century, the associative basis of conditioned reinforcement has received comparatively little experimental examination. Yet conditioned
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Use of different attentional strategies by pigeons and humans in multidimensional visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-11-15 Suzanne L Gray,Muhammad A J Qadri,Daniel I Brooks,Robert G Cook
To study comparative attentional allocation strategies, pigeons and humans were tested using simultaneously available discrimination tasks. Given visual search displays containing 32 items from two orthogonal dimensions, participants were reinforced for selecting the eight brightest (or darkest) of 16 brightness items and the eight most vertical (or horizontal) of 16 orientation items. Consistent with
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Transitive inference after minimal training in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-01 Greg Jensen,Fabian Munoz,Anna Meaney,Herbert S Terrace,Vincent P Ferrera
Rhesus macaques, when trained for several hundred trials on adjacent items in an ordered list (e.g., A > B, B > C, C > D), are able to make accurate transitive inferences (TI) about previously untrained pairs (e.g., A > C, B > D). How that learning unfolds during training, however, is not well understood. We sought to measure the relationship between the amount of TI training and the resulting response
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The role of inhibition in the suboptimal choice task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-01 Valeria V González,Aaron P Blaisdell
Given a choice, pigeons prefer an initial-link stimulus that is followed by reliable signals that food will be delivered (S+) or not (S-) after a delay, over an alternative initial-link stimulus that is followed by unreliable signals of food, even when the former yields a lower overall probability of food. This suboptimal preference has been attributed to the combination of a biased attraction to the
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Constantly timing, but not always controlled by time: Evidence from the midsession reversal task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-09-13 Cristina Santos,Marco Vasconcelos,Armando Machado
We used a midsession reversal task to investigate how temporal and situational cues may combine to determine choice in frequently changing environments. Pigeons learned a simultaneous discrimination with 2 stimuli: S1 and S2. Choices of S1 were reinforced only during the first trials, and choices of S2 were reinforced only during the last trials of the session, that is, the reinforcement contingencies
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Two-item conditional same-different categorization in pigeons: Finding differences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-09-13 Francisca Diaz,Ellen M O'Donoghue,Edward A Wasserman
Research on same-different categorization has shown that mastery of tasks of this kind can be strongly affected by the number of items in the training arrays-for both humans and nonhuman animals. Evidence for two-item same-different categorization in pigeons is decidedly mixed: although some investigations have succeeded, others have failed. To date, no research has documented successful conditional
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Effect of context on the instrumental reinforcer devaluation effect produced by taste-aversion learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-09-13 Mark E Bouton,Sean M Allan,Armin Tavakkoli,Michael R Steinfeld,Eric A Thrailkill
Four experiments manipulated the context in which taste-aversion conditioning occurred when the reinforcer was devalued after instrumental learning. In all experiments, rats learned to lever press in an operant conditioning chamber and then had an aversion to the food-pellet reinforcer conditioned by pairing it with lithium chloride (LiCl) in either that context or a different context. Lever pressing